Announcement Announcement � If you need more experiments to If you need more experiments to � participate in, contact Danny Sanchez participate in, contact Danny Sanchez (dsanchez@ucsd.edu dsanchez@ucsd.edu) ) – – make sure to tell make sure to tell ( him that you are from LIGN171, so he will him that you are from LIGN171, so he will let me know about your credit (1 point). let me know about your credit (1 point). � Email Danny to schedule a time if you are Email Danny to schedule a time if you are � interested. interested.
LIGN 171: Child Language Acquisition http://ling.ucsd.edu/courses/lign171 http://ling.ucsd.edu/courses/lign171 LIGN 171: Child Language Acquisition Braaaiiinnsss Braaaiiinnsss
Orientation: Compass Points Orientation: Compass Points
Orientation: Compass Points Orientation: Compass Points
Orientation: Slices Orientation: Slices � Coronal plane Coronal plane � � Like a Like a ‘ ‘crown crown’ ’ or tiara or tiara � � Anterior to posterior Anterior to posterior � � Horizontal plane Horizontal plane � (axial, transverse) (axial, transverse) � Parallel to the floor Parallel to the floor � � Superior to inferior Superior to inferior � � Sagittal Sagittal plane plane � (mid- -sagittal sagittal through midline) through midline) (mid � Medial to lateral Medial to lateral � Anything else: oblique Anything else: oblique � �
Coronal Slice Coronal Slice
Horizontal Slice Horizontal Slice
Sagittal (mid (mid- -sagittal sagittal) Slice ) Slice Sagittal
Big Pieces Big Pieces Cerebrum, Subcortical Subcortical structures, structures, Cerebrum, Cerebellum Cerebellum
Cerebrum Cerebrum Two hemispheres hemispheres , separated by the , separated by the inter inter- -hemispheric fissure hemispheric fissure Two � � (longitudinal fissure), (longitudinal fissure), joined by the joined by the corpus corpus callosum callosum
Divisions of the Cerebrum Divisions of the Cerebrum � Divided into four lobes: Divided into four lobes: � � Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe � � Parietal Lobe Parietal Lobe � � Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe � � Occipital Lobe Occipital Lobe � � Cortex ( Cortex (“ “bark bark” ”) is folded ) is folded � � Gyrus / Gyrus / gyri gyri � � Sulcus Sulcus / / sulci sulci �
Some major functional areas Some major functional areas � Note the use of the Note the use of the � term ‘ ‘pre pre- -’ ’ meaning meaning term ‘in front of in front of’ ’ (towards (towards ‘ the front); ‘ ‘post post- -’ ’ the front); meaning ‘ ‘behind behind’ ’ meaning � Premotor Premotor cortex is in cortex is in � front of motor cortex front of motor cortex � Postcentral Postcentral cortex is cortex is � behind the central behind the central sulcus; ; precentral precentral in in sulcus front of front of
Sensory and Motor Cortex Sensory and Motor Cortex
Gyri and and Sulci Sulci Gyri
Broca’ ’s and Wernicke s and Wernicke’ ’s areas s areas Broca
Subcortical Structures: Basal Ganglia Structures: Basal Ganglia Subcortical Striatum = Neostriatum (caudate, putamen) plus globus pallidus
Subcortical Structures: Medial Temporal Lobe Structures: Medial Temporal Lobe Subcortical
Cerebellum (“ “little brain little brain” ”) ) Cerebellum (
Cerebellum (“ “little brain little brain” ”) ) Cerebellum (
Little Pieces Little Pieces Neurons and Glia Glia Neurons and
Neurons Neurons � 50,000 neurons per cubic millimeter of cortex 50,000 neurons per cubic millimeter of cortex � � Types of neurons in cerebral cortex Types of neurons in cerebral cortex � � Pyramidal (may receive up to 200,000 inputs) Pyramidal (may receive up to 200,000 inputs) � � Stellate Stellate (~ 10,000 (~ 10,000 – – 50,000 50,000 dendritic dendritic synapses; local circuitry) synapses; local circuitry) � � Granule (~ 10 billion in cortex; very small) Granule (~ 10 billion in cortex; very small) � � Types of neurons in Types of neurons in cerebellar cerebellar cortex cortex � � Purkinje (extensive Purkinje (extensive arborization arborization of dendrites) of dendrites) � � Stellate Stellate (basket cells, Golgi cells) (basket cells, Golgi cells) � � Granule Granule �
Neurons Neurons Pyramidal cell Purkinje cell
Anatomy of a Neuron Anatomy of a Neuron � Dendrite Dendrite (input) � (input) � Cell Body (Soma) Cell Body (Soma) � � Nucleus Nucleus � � Axon Axon (output) � (output) � Myelin Myelin (node of (node of Ranvier Ranvier) ) � � Synapse Synapse (5,000 billion in adults) � (5,000 billion in adults) � Synaptic Cleft Synaptic Cleft (20 nm wide) � (20 nm wide) � Vesicle Vesicle � � Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter �
Glial Cells Cells Glial Glial (‘glue”; from Greek) cells outnumber neurons about 10 to 1. Functions include myelination and clearing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft
Oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocyte Myelination Myelination
Gray vs white matter Gray vs white matter � Gray matter Gray matter � White matter White matter � � � Cortex (layered) Cortex (layered) � Myelinated Myelinated axons axons � � � Subcortical Subcortical structures structures �
Cortical Layers: Cerebrum Cortical Layers: Cerebrum I Molecular Layer Dendrites, axons from I Molecular Layer Dendrites, axons from other layers other layers II Small Pyramidal Cortical- Cortical -cortical cortical II Small Pyramidal connections connections Layer Layer III Medium Cortical Cortical- -cortical cortical III Medium connections connections Pyramidal Layer Pyramidal Layer Input from thalamus IV IV Granular Layer Granular Layer Input from thalamus V Large Pyramidal Output to subcortical Output to subcortical V Large Pyramidal structures structures Layer Layer Output to thalamus VI VI Polymorphic Polymorphic Output to thalamus Layer Layer
Cellular Organization in the Cellular Organization in the Cerebrum Cerebrum � DR. KORBINIAN DR. KORBINIAN � BRODMANN BRODMANN (1868- -1918) 1918) (1868 � Cyto Cyto- -architectonic architectonic � map of cortex in map of cortex in 1909 1909
Brodmann Areas Brodmann Areas Broca’s area: BA 44 BA 45
Cortical Layers: Cerebellum Cortical Layers: Cerebellum
Fluids in the brain Fluids in the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) � Occupies all sub Occupies all sub- - � arachnoid space space arachnoid � Produced by the Produced by the � choroid plexus plexus choroid � About 500 About 500 � ml/day ml/day � Volume of CSF Volume of CSF � in ventricles in ventricles about 150 ml about 150 ml � Fluid drains into Fluid drains into � venous system, venous system, and is replaced and is replaced
Ventricles Ventricles
Blood supply and drainage Blood supply and drainage
Arterial Blood Supply Arterial Blood Supply Circle of Willis
Middle Cerebral artery Middle Cerebral artery The middle cerebral artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid. The artery supplies a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes, including the primary motor and sensory areas of the face, throat, hand and arm and in the dominant hemisphere, the areas for speech. � The middle cerebral artery is the artery most often occluded in stroke.
Capillaries Capillaries
Venous Blood Drainage Venous Blood Drainage
Brain Development Brain Development
Summary of brain divisions Summary of brain divisions Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
� Starts with notochord Starts with notochord � � Notochord guides Notochord guides � formation of neural plate formation of neural plate � Neural plate folds in on Neural plate folds in on � itself itself � Forms neural groove Forms neural groove � � Then neural tube Then neural tube � � Somites Somites give rise to give rise to � musculature and skeleton musculature and skeleton � Neural tube adjacent to Neural tube adjacent to � somites becomes spinal becomes spinal somites cord cord � Anterior ends of neural Anterior ends of neural � plate (anterior neural fold) plate (anterior neural fold) becomes brain becomes brain
Neural tube bent, folded, and constricted Prosencephalon � telencephalon; di-encephalon Rhombencephalon � metencephalon; myelencephalon
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