Announcement Announcement If you need more experiments to If you - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
announcement announcement
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Announcement Announcement If you need more experiments to If you - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 11, 2023 201 likes •672 views

Announcement Announcement If you need more experiments to If you need more experiments to participate in, contact Danny Sanchez participate in, contact Danny Sanchez (dsanchez@ucsd.edu dsanchez@ucsd.edu) ) make sure to tell

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Announcement Announcement

  • If you need more experiments to

If you need more experiments to participate in, contact Danny Sanchez participate in, contact Danny Sanchez ( (dsanchez@ucsd.edu dsanchez@ucsd.edu) ) – – make sure to tell make sure to tell him that you are from LIGN171, so he will him that you are from LIGN171, so he will let me know about your credit (1 point). let me know about your credit (1 point).

  • Email Danny to schedule a time if you are

Email Danny to schedule a time if you are interested. interested.

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Braaaiiinnsss Braaaiiinnsss

LIGN 171: Child Language Acquisition LIGN 171: Child Language Acquisition http://ling.ucsd.edu/courses/lign171 http://ling.ucsd.edu/courses/lign171

slide-3
SLIDE 3
slide-4
SLIDE 4

Orientation: Compass Points Orientation: Compass Points

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Orientation: Compass Points Orientation: Compass Points

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Orientation: Slices Orientation: Slices

  • Coronal plane

Coronal plane

  • Like a

Like a ‘ ‘crown crown’ ’ or tiara

  • r tiara
  • Anterior to posterior

Anterior to posterior

  • Horizontal plane

Horizontal plane

(axial, transverse) (axial, transverse)

  • Parallel to the floor

Parallel to the floor

  • Superior to inferior

Superior to inferior

  • Sagittal

Sagittal plane plane

(mid (mid-

  • sagittal

sagittal through midline) through midline)

  • Medial to lateral

Medial to lateral

  • Anything else: oblique

Anything else: oblique

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Coronal Slice Coronal Slice

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Horizontal Slice Horizontal Slice

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Sagittal Sagittal (mid (mid-

  • sagittal

sagittal) Slice ) Slice

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Big Pieces Big Pieces

Cerebrum, Cerebrum, Subcortical Subcortical structures, structures, Cerebellum Cerebellum

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Cerebrum Cerebrum

  • Two

Two hemispheres hemispheres, separated by the , separated by the inter inter-

  • hemispheric fissure

hemispheric fissure (longitudinal fissure), (longitudinal fissure), joined by the joined by the corpus corpus callosum callosum

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Divisions of the Cerebrum Divisions of the Cerebrum

  • Divided into four lobes:

Divided into four lobes:

  • Frontal Lobe

Frontal Lobe

  • Parietal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

  • Temporal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

  • Occipital Lobe

Occipital Lobe

  • Cortex (

Cortex (“ “bark bark” ”) is folded ) is folded

  • Gyrus /

Gyrus / gyri gyri

  • Sulcus

Sulcus / / sulci sulci

slide-13
SLIDE 13

Some major functional areas Some major functional areas

  • Note the use of the

Note the use of the term term ‘ ‘pre pre-

  • ’

’ meaning meaning ‘ ‘in front of in front of’ ’ (towards (towards the front); the front); ‘ ‘post post-

  • ’

’ meaning meaning ‘ ‘behind behind’ ’

  • Premotor

Premotor cortex is in cortex is in front of motor cortex front of motor cortex

  • Postcentral

Postcentral cortex is cortex is behind the central behind the central sulcus sulcus; ; precentral precentral in in front of front of

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Sensory and Motor Cortex Sensory and Motor Cortex

slide-15
SLIDE 15

Gyri Gyri and and Sulci Sulci

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Broca Broca’ ’s and Wernicke s and Wernicke’ ’s areas s areas

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Subcortical Subcortical Structures: Basal Ganglia Structures: Basal Ganglia

Striatum = Neostriatum (caudate, putamen) plus globus pallidus

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Subcortical Subcortical Structures: Medial Temporal Lobe Structures: Medial Temporal Lobe

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Cerebellum ( Cerebellum (“ “little brain little brain” ”) )

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Cerebellum ( Cerebellum (“ “little brain little brain” ”) )

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Little Pieces Little Pieces

Neurons and Neurons and Glia Glia

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Neurons Neurons

  • 50,000 neurons per cubic millimeter of cortex

50,000 neurons per cubic millimeter of cortex

  • Types of neurons in cerebral cortex

Types of neurons in cerebral cortex

  • Pyramidal (may receive up to 200,000 inputs)

Pyramidal (may receive up to 200,000 inputs)

  • Stellate

Stellate (~ 10,000 (~ 10,000 – – 50,000 50,000 dendritic dendritic synapses; local circuitry) synapses; local circuitry)

  • Granule (~ 10 billion in cortex; very small)

Granule (~ 10 billion in cortex; very small)

  • Types of neurons in

Types of neurons in cerebellar cerebellar cortex cortex

  • Purkinje (extensive

Purkinje (extensive arborization arborization of dendrites)

  • f dendrites)
  • Stellate

Stellate (basket cells, Golgi cells) (basket cells, Golgi cells)

  • Granule

Granule

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Neurons Neurons

Pyramidal cell Purkinje cell

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Anatomy of a Neuron Anatomy of a Neuron

  • Dendrite

Dendrite (input)

(input)

  • Cell Body (Soma)

Cell Body (Soma)

  • Nucleus

Nucleus

  • Axon

Axon (output)

(output)

  • Myelin

Myelin (node of

(node of Ranvier Ranvier) )

  • Synapse

Synapse (5,000 billion in adults)

(5,000 billion in adults)

  • Synaptic Cleft

Synaptic Cleft (20 nm wide)

(20 nm wide)

  • Vesicle

Vesicle

  • Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Glial Glial Cells Cells

Glial (‘glue”; from Greek) cells outnumber neurons about 10 to 1.

Functions include myelination and clearing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocyte Myelination Myelination

slide-27
SLIDE 27
slide-28
SLIDE 28
slide-29
SLIDE 29

Gray vs white matter Gray vs white matter

  • Gray matter

Gray matter

  • Cortex (layered)

Cortex (layered)

  • Subcortical

Subcortical structures structures

  • White matter

White matter

  • Myelinated

Myelinated axons axons

slide-30
SLIDE 30

Cortical Layers: Cerebrum Cortical Layers: Cerebrum

Cortical Cortical-

  • cortical

cortical connections connections

Medium Medium Pyramidal Layer Pyramidal Layer III III

Output to thalamus Output to thalamus

Polymorphic Polymorphic Layer Layer VI VI

Output to Output to subcortical subcortical structures structures

Large Pyramidal Large Pyramidal Layer Layer V V

Input from thalamus Input from thalamus

Granular Layer Granular Layer IV IV

Cortical Cortical-

  • cortical

cortical connections connections

Small Pyramidal Small Pyramidal Layer Layer II II

Dendrites, axons from Dendrites, axons from

  • ther layers
  • ther layers

Molecular Layer Molecular Layer I I

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Cellular Organization in the Cellular Organization in the Cerebrum Cerebrum

  • DR. KORBINIAN
  • DR. KORBINIAN

BRODMANN BRODMANN (1868 (1868-

  • 1918)

1918)

  • Cyto

Cyto-

  • architectonic

architectonic map of cortex in map of cortex in 1909 1909

slide-32
SLIDE 32

Brodmann Areas Brodmann Areas

Broca’s area: BA 44 BA 45

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Cortical Layers: Cerebellum Cortical Layers: Cerebellum

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Fluids in the brain Fluids in the brain

slide-35
SLIDE 35
slide-36
SLIDE 36

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

  • Occupies all sub

Occupies all sub-

  • arachnoid

arachnoid space space

  • Produced by the

Produced by the choroid choroid plexus plexus

  • About 500

About 500 ml/day ml/day

  • Volume of CSF

Volume of CSF in ventricles in ventricles about 150 ml about 150 ml

  • Fluid drains into

Fluid drains into venous system, venous system, and is replaced and is replaced

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Ventricles Ventricles

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Blood supply and drainage Blood supply and drainage

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Arterial Blood Supply Arterial Blood Supply

Circle of Willis

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Middle Cerebral artery Middle Cerebral artery

The middle cerebral artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid. The artery supplies a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes, including the primary motor and sensory areas of the face, throat, hand and arm and in the dominant hemisphere, the areas for speech. The middle cerebral artery is the artery most often occluded in stroke.

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Capillaries Capillaries

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Venous Blood Drainage Venous Blood Drainage

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Brain Development Brain Development

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Summary of brain divisions Summary of brain divisions

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

slide-45
SLIDE 45
  • Starts with notochord

Starts with notochord

  • Notochord guides

Notochord guides formation of neural plate formation of neural plate

  • Neural plate folds in on

Neural plate folds in on itself itself

  • Forms neural groove

Forms neural groove

  • Then neural tube

Then neural tube

  • Somites

Somites give rise to give rise to musculature and skeleton musculature and skeleton

  • Neural tube adjacent to

Neural tube adjacent to somites somites becomes spinal becomes spinal cord cord

  • Anterior ends of neural

Anterior ends of neural plate (anterior neural fold) plate (anterior neural fold) becomes brain becomes brain

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Neural tube bent, folded, and constricted Prosencephalon telencephalon; di-encephalon Rhombencephalon metencephalon; myelencephalon