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Dec 27, 2023 41 likes •342 views

Ad hoc Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, and IoT 01204525 Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things Chaiporn Ja Jaikaeo (c (chaiporn.j@ku.ac.th) Department of f Computer Engineering Kasetsart University Materials taken from

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Ad hoc Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, and IoT

Chaiporn Ja Jaikaeo (c (chaiporn.j@ku.ac.th) Department of f Computer Engineering Kasetsart University

Materials taken from lecture slides by Karl and Willig Cliparts taken from openclipart.org

01204525 Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things

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Typical Wireless Networks

  • Base stations connected to wired backbone
  • Mobile nodes communicate wirelessly to base stations
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Ad hoc Networks

  • Networks without pre-configured infrastructure
  • require no hubs, access points, base stations
  • are instantly deployable
  • can be wired or wireless
  • Initially targeted for military and emergency applications

wired multi-hop wireless wireless

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IEEE 802.11 Ad hoc Mode

  • IEEE 802.11 already provides support for ad hoc mode
  • Computers can be connected without an access point
  • Only work with single hop
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Applications of Ad hoc Networks

Factory Floor Automation Disaster recovery Car-to-car communication

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Characteristics of Ad hoc Networks

  • Heterogeneity ― sensors, PDAs, laptops
  • Limited resources ― CPU, bandwidth, power
  • Dynamic topology due to mobility and/or failure
  • Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)

A B C

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Sensor Networks

  • Participants in the previous examples were devices close to

a human user, interacting with humans

  • Alternative concept:
  • Instead of focusing interaction on humans, focus on

interacting with environments

  • Network is embedded in environment
  • Nodes in the network are equipped with sensing and actuation to

measure/influence environment

  • Nodes process information and communicate
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Remote monitoring

sensor field

Traditional Sensors

Network Local monitoring Data loggers

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sensor field

Wireless Sensors

  • Sensors communicate with data logger via radio links

radio link

Remote monitoring Network

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Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Wireless sensors + wireless network
  • Sensor nodes (motes) deployed and forming an ad hoc network
  • Requires no hubs, access points
  • Instantly deployable
  • Targeted applications
  • Emergency responses
  • Remote data acquisition

Sensor network

Sensor node/mote

Internet

Gateway

Remote monitoring

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Internet of Things (IoT)

http://www.opinno.com/en/content/internet-things-0

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Connected Living

NTT DoCoMo, Japan http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/11/nismo-smartwatch/

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Demonstration

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Sensor Modules

  • NodeMCU-32S
  • Processor: ESP32, 48MHz dual-core WiFi/Bluetooth SoC
  • Sensors: light sensor and switch
  • Actuator: dimmable LED
  • Software running on MicroPython
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Scenario

Internet

Light Sensor + Switch + LED MQTT Broker

  • publish sensor status
  • subscribe for LED brightness
  • subscribe for sensor status
  • publish LED brightness
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WSN/IoT Platforms

  • Various communication protocols: BLE, IEEE802.15.4,

IEEE802.11, LoRa, etc.

and many more…

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Current Trends

  • Most WSN/IoT devices are now based on SoC (System on Chip)

ESP32 Module

  • 32-bit dual-core @240 MHz
  • 4MB flash, 520KB RAM
  • Wi-Fi + Bluetooth
  • ~290 THB

NXP's JN5168 Module

  • 32-bit RISC CPU @32MHz
  • 256KB flash, 32KB RAM
  • 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4
  • ~370 THB

ESP8266 Module

  • 32-bit RISC CPU @80 MHz
  • 1MB flash, 80KB RAM
  • 2.4GHz Wi-Fi
  • ~110 THB
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WSN/IoT Application Examples

  • Agriculture
  • Humidity/temperature

monitoring

  • Civil engineering
  • Structural response
  • Disaster management
  • Environmental sciences
  • Habitat monitoring
  • Conservation biology
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Landslide Monitor

  • Real deployment scenario…
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Roles of Participants in WSN

  • Sources of data: Measure data, report them “somewhere”
  • Typically equip with different kinds of actual sensors
  • Sinks of data: Interested in receiving data from WSN
  • May be part of the WSN or external entity, PDA, gateway, …
  • Actuators (actors): Control some device based on data, usually also a

sink

WSN = WASN

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Classifying Application Types

  • Interaction patterns between sources and sinks classify

application types

  • Event detection
  • Periodic measurement
  • Function approximation
  • Edge detection
  • Tracking
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Deployment Options

  • Dropped from aircraft
  • Random deployment
  • Well planned, fixed
  • Regular deployment
  • Mobile sensor nodes
  • Can move to compensate for deployment shortcomings
  • Can be passively moved around by some external force (wind,

water)

  • Can actively seek out “interesting” areas
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Maintenance Options

  • Feasible and/or practical to maintain sensor nodes?
  • Replace batteries
  • Unattended operation
  • Impossible but not relevant
  • Energy supply
  • Limited from point of deployment
  • Some form of recharging / energy scavenging
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Required Mechanisms

  • Multi-hop wireless communication
  • Energy-efficient operation
  • Both for communication and computation, sensing, actuating
  • Auto-configuration
  • Manual configuration just not an option
  • Collaboration & in-network processing
  • Nodes in the network collaborate towards a joint goal
  • Pre-processing data in network (as opposed to at the edge) can

greatly improve efficiency

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Required Mechanisms

  • Data centric networking
  • Focusing network design on data, not on node identifies (id-centric

networking)

  • To improve efficiency
  • Locality
  • Do things locally (on node or among nearby neighbors) as much as

possible

  • Exploit tradeoffs
  • E.g., between invested energy and accuracy
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MANET vs. WSN - Similarities

  • MANET – Mobile Ad hoc Network
  • Self-organization
  • Energy efficiency
  • (Often) Wireless multi-hop
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MANET vs. WSN - Differences

  • Equipment: MANETs more powerful
  • Application-specific: WSNs depend much stronger on

application specifics

  • Environment interaction: core of WSN/IoT, absent in

MANET

  • Scale: WSN might be much larger (although contestable)
  • Energy: WSN tighter requirements, maintenance issues
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MANET vs. WSN - Differences

  • Dependability/QoS: in WSN, individual node may be

dispensable (network matters), QoS different because of different applications

  • Addressing: Data centric vs. id-centric networking
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Enabling Technologies for WSN/IoT

  • Cost reduction
  • For wireless communication, simple microcontroller, system on

chip, sensing, batteries

  • Miniaturization
  • Some applications demand small size
  • “Smart dust” as the most extreme vision
  • Energy scavenging
  • Recharge batteries from ambient energy (light, vibration, …)
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Conclusion

  • Ad hoc networks, WSNs, and IoT are challenging and

promising system concepts

  • They require new types of architectures & protocols

compared to “traditional” wired/wireless networks

  • In particular, application-specificness is a new issue