and frequency regulation Dr. Bernd Srries Rome, 26.09.2018 0 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Funded by the European Union

Internet of Things, autonomous driving and frequency regulation

• Dr. Bernd Sörries

Rome, 26.09.2018

1 Funded by the European Union

Agenda

• Definition of IoT
• Requirements and allocation/assignment of frequencies
• IoT and Standardisation of technologies
• Use case „Smart Mobility“ (autonomous driving)

2 Funded by the European Union

Definition of IoT?

• IoT uses cases vary extremely

Illustration of M2M-solution

Quelle: Büllingen/Börnsen (2015) nach Höller et al. (2014).

Physical item Business process M2M element M2M application Network M2M system solution sensors actors Wide Area Network (WAN)/ Local Area Network (LAN)

3 Funded by the European Union

Definition of IoT?

• Definition and Clustering of terms dealing with Internet of Things, Industry

4.0 and Machine-to-Machine-Communication or Cyber-physical systems vary:

• No clear cut definition,
• B2B like B2B2C (e.g. Connected Car, E-Health)
• Internet of Things (IoT):
• Enabling connectivity of various things and machines
• Different networks, different purposes, different requirements

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Definition of IoT?

• Machine-to-Machine-Communication (M2M)
• Automated exchange of information without any human interference

(traffic steering, grid automation etc.)

• Direct mode communication or use of centralized platforms
• IoT covers also Wearables etc.

5 Funded by the European Union

What means IoT?

• Cyber-physical systems (CPS)
• Networking in complex systems, functions and data exchange of

physical, biological and possibly other components with the help of information technology and software

• The human-machine interface (e.g. Smart Factory, Smart Mobility,

Smart Grid) is generally included.

6 Funded by the European Union

Worldwide IoT-connections

Year Worldwide Europe Ericsson Cisco GSMA 2016 5,6 Mrd. 5,8 Mrd. 87,8 Mio. 2020/2021/2022 17,6 Mrd. 13,7 Mrd. / 18 Mrd. 182 Mio.

Source: LS telecom/VVA/Policy Tracker.

7 Funded by the European Union

Requirements and use of frequencies

• Current situation
• Narrowband applications and technologies (e.g. WiFi, Bluetooth,

use of license exempt frequencies (assignment procedure: general authorisation)

• In the midterm future
• Use of exclusive frequency to match requirements like low latency,

high technical availability, deep indoor, resiliency :  Frequencies

 Use of already assigned frequencies in 700/800/1800/2600 MHz  3,4 GHz - 3,8 GHz frequencies for 5G-IoT-use cases  Dedicated frequencies for special services (Smart Grid, PPDR)

 New network technologies (network slicing)  Deployment (resiliency)

8 Funded by the European Union

RSPG-Guide

RSPG roadmap for frequencies facilitating IoT in Europe

Quelle: RSPG (2016).

9 Funded by the European Union

IoT-Technologies and Status of Standardisation (I)

Complex eco system of wireless technologies

Technology Data rate Frequencies

Standardisation approach

Comments eMTC (enhanced for machine type communications) (also known as LTE-M or LTE Cat- M1) 1 Mbps licensed 3GPP Standardisation More expensive technology than other LPWAs with higher data rates NB (narrowband)-IoT (or LTE Cat-NB1) 20 - 60 Kbps licensed 3GPP Standardisation Software upgrade to existing infrastructure and less expensive than other LPWA technologies EC (extended coverage)-GSM 10 Kbps licensed 3GPP Standardisation Software upgrade to existing infrastructure, but less good than NBIoT LoRaWAN 250 bps - 50 Kbps license free Developed by Semtech, standardization runs under LoRa Alliance A growing ecosystem with certified devices

Quelle: Cambridge Consultants (2017).

10 Funded by the European Union

Technology Data rate Frequencies Standardisation approach Comments Weightless various Weightless N. licence-free Weightless P. licence-free Weightless W. TV whitespaces Weightless SIG So far a limited commercial activity Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) various licence-free Standardisation of Bluetooth SIG In consumer electronics strongly adapted for short-range communication 802.15.4 (ZigBee und Tread build on it) various licence-free 802.15.4 is standardized by IEEE, ZigBee and Thread additionally use protocols Supports short-range mesh networks 5G various both licence-free and licenced 3GPP Standardisation Developed to enable IoT from the

• utset, but standardization is only

at the very beginning, only available on a larger scale in a few years' time

Quelle: Cambridge Consultants (2017).

IoT-Technologies and Status of Standardisation (II)

11 Funded by the European Union

Is 5G the answer?

• Latency (Delay):

1 ms - second

• User per cell

(Links per km2): fex - millions: Massive Machine Type Communication

• Data rates

(Throughput): Ultra-high - low

• Ultra-reliable

communication (URC)

• best effort

Source: http://www.huawei.com/5gwhitepaper/ - last access: Sept. 2015

12 Funded by the European Union

5G system for IoT

Quelle: 5G Initiative Team, NGMN 5G White Paper, 2015, https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN-5G-White-Paper-V1-0.pdf

13 Funded by the European Union

IoT applications and the frequency authorization regime preferred by users (I)

Applications Characteristics Preferred authorisation regime expressed by stakeholders Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): Applications for maintenance services for grid systems after electricity network failure detections Remote connections to grid systems needed Private commons might be feasible in

• rder to remotely connect to the grid.

The exclusive licensee could give access to its spectrum for the time needed to do the maintenance Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): Critical infrastructure (e.g. high- voltage grids) Rely

• n

end-to-end service guarantees (independent of network load Individual exclusive licenses Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): Factory automation applications Rely on end-to-end service guarantees Individual exclusive licenses Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC):: Fault localisation Require high QoS and low latency Individual exclusive licenses Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): Identification in smart grids Require high QoS Individual exclusive licenses Massive machine type communications (mMTC): Smart metering Data collection from measurement points with latency requirements cited in the range

• f one to several seconds. The spectrum is

used to transfer information from remote sensors to a central point. It can work without dedicated spectrum, shared spectrum solution is considered beneficial (e.g. reducing spectrum acquisition costs, improving time taken to access spectrum).32 It could also rely

• n license exempt spectrum, as long as

there is no lack of communication for several hours.

• table continued next page -

14 Funded by the European Union

IoT applications and the frequency authorization regime preferred by users (II)

Applications Characteristics Preferred authorisation regime expressed by stakeholders Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): Transmission system operators (TSOs) The need of spectrum is not predictable, as it depends on high voltage peaks and the associated very sophisticated QoS demands. Individual exclusive licenses Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): Train control, Platooning Monitoring and controlling train movements. Stringent requirements for availability and QoS, Interoperability requirements. Individual exclusive licenses Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB): High throughput and capacity in localised hot spot and congested areas Improved peak/average/cell-edge data rates, capacity and coverage Individual exclusive licenses, supported in a local service area by a license exempt, light licensing, or a licensed shared access approach Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): other examples including remote surgery, intelligent transport, infrastructure protection Requirement for emerging critical applications have stringent requirements for capabilities such as throughput, latency and availability. Individual exclusive licenses

Source: Policy Tracker/VVA/LS telecom (2017)

15 Funded by the European Union

Current European measures (I)

• Relaxation of technical conditions of use in the 862 - 868 MHz

frequency band (Short Range Devices)

• Initiative to make available parts of the 870 - 876 MHz and 915 - 921

MHz band

• Creation of usage possibilities of the 1900 – 1920 MHz band
• CEPT for BDA2GC (Broadband Direct Air-to-ground

Communications), a frequency band that has so far been little used

• Directional radio frequencies or point-to-multipoint frequencies for IoT

16 Funded by the European Union

• Standardisation and enabling the use of IoT in frequency bands

allocated to mobile communications (under 3GPP)

• Extended range (GSM for IoT) (EC-GSM-IoT), Performance

upgrade to EGPRS for M2M, global cellular IoT for all GSM markets

• LTE-eMTC, LTE Evolution for massive MTC approved under 3GPP

Release 13

• Narrowband frequency technology on the LTE platform for the

provision of low cost massive MTC (NB-IoT)

• Contribution of the EU Commission to standardisation

Current European measures (II)

17 Funded by the European Union

Regulatory response to use cases

• Are 100 MHz in the 3.6 GHz range sufficient for an efficient 5G IoT

network?

• Assignment of regional or even local frequencies?
• Coverage obligations and technical requirements (e.g. uplink is

more important than downlink, low latency)? Outdoor or Incar? Edge

• f cell? Time to market: when is low latency needed?
• Shared use of frequencies

18 Funded by the European Union

Frist Conclusions

• Implementation of IoT complex due to high heterogeneity
• IoT more an ecosystem than a technology
• Technology and networking approaches only partly clear
• Business models largely still under development

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Autonomous driving

20 Funded by the European Union

Status quo Smart Mobility (I)

• In newly introduced cars mostly infotainment services play most important

role; collaborative connectivity use-cases less prevalent

• However, with the move towards autonomous driving OEM focus on other

services

• Autonomous driving presents a series of challenges to mobile networks:
• Communication between vehicles (V2V) as well as between

vehicles and smart infrastructure (V2I) required

• Approx. 4 TB are expected to generated per autonomous vehicle
• Besides throughput, mobile networks need to feature low E2E

latency and extremly high reliability

21 Funded by the European Union

Status quo Smart Mobility (II)

• Requirements do not translate into par for par into necessary network

rollouts

• Several technological developements mitigate the required network

investments:

• Direct data transfers between vehicles and between vehicles and

infrastructure (+ competing 802.11p standard)

• Data processing inside the vehicle
• Intelligence inside the car vs. inside edge-clouds
• Tranmissioning transfer of delta informations only
• Still, moderate data throughput (particularly uplink) and E2E low latency

are a must have

22 Funded by the European Union

Use Cases „V2X“

• Communication with infrastructure in the direct

environment:

• Communication beacons
• Smart crash barriers
• Traffic lights
• Mobile Edge Server, if applicable

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)

• Direct communication between vehicles in the direct

vicinity, even without a mobile phone signal:

• Data exchange between cars and trucks
• Summary of several platoons

Vehicle-to-Network (V2N)

• Communication that goes beyond the close-up range:
• Teleoperator
• OEM backend
• Central traffic control instance or traffic database
• Remote smart infrastructure (see V2I)

23 Funded by the European Union

Connectivity demands of future connected vehicles

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Comparison of Technologies

Timely availability Low provisioning costs Limited quality parameters

Controversial discussion about the use of 802.11p; individual OEMs rely on this technology to implement security

• applications. Other OEMs rely on C-V2X. Only 5G will enable

advanced, more sophisticated smart mobility services. C-ITS (802.11.p) 5G in connection with Edge-Computing

Not timely availability High provisioning costs Extensive quality parameters

C-V2X LTE C-V2X 5G (Rel. 15)

25 Funded by the European Union

C-IST (Cooperative Intelligent Transport System)

• The C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport

System)-development took place aiming at networking vehicles (among each other).

• C-ITS enables V2V and V2I data

transmission based on WLAN standard 802.11p

• C-ITS uses the 5.9 GHz frequency band
• Development process already completed,

so C-ITS is ready for commercial use

• There is already a C-ITS test track between

Vienna, Frankfurt and Rotterdam where V2I communication provides early warning of short-notice construction sites, among other things. Technology is already commercially viable Comparatively inexpensive, since no additional network infrastructure is required Low latency of up to 2 ms Decreasing quality parameters with high density of participants Lower spectral efficiency compared to mobile communications Missing V2N functionality Does not use existing mobile radio infrastructures

Brief profile Central advantages and disadvantages

• f C-ITS

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C-V2X

• The predecessor LTE Broadcast was

already introduced in 3GPP Release 9 and further improved in Release 12 (LTE Direct).

• Point-to-multipoint communication and

direct data transmission without mobile phone coverage in the 5.9 GHz band are already technically possible.

• However, only the C-V2X transmission

introduced with Release 14 offers low latency (1 ms), high mobility and reliable connections.

• If a mobile phone coverage exists, the

transmission is coordinated by the base station, while the data exchange takes place directly.

• Outside mobile coverage, predefined rules

determine frequency usage Uses existing mobile radio infrastructures Higher spectral efficiency Better quality parameters compared to C- ITS (packet loss, range, etc.) Convergent communication solution for V2I, V2V and V2N Data transmission also possible without mobile phone coverage C-V2X is not expected to be commercially available for several years Few field tests show practical suitability so far

Brief profile Central advantages and disadvantages

• f C-V2X

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Autonomous driving and Mobile Edge Computing

• The success of the cloud segments

IaaS, PaaS and Saas is primarily due to economies of scale and the associated cost advantages.

• These are also relevant in the context
• f smart mobility services, as up to 2

TB of data per car must be generated, processed and stored daily. Initial Situation The distance between the central cloud server and the networked vehicle leads to higher latency. Mobile Edge Cloud Decentralization of the cloud, i.e. technical realization of the service will be realized at the eNodeB level (successive compression):

28 Funded by the European Union

Scenarios and Quality of Service / performance of mobile networks

• V2V: Exchange of position/direction

vectors

• V2V: Exchange of sensor data
• V2I: Exchange with smart

infrastructures

• Regular map material updates
• Regular firmware updates
• Traffic light phase optimized driving

planning

• Traffic-optimised driving
• Collaborative maneuver planning of

platoons

Single-autonomous driving planning

• Central control and computing

instance

• Real-time map update
• Teleoperated driving

Fully centralized driving planning (after 2025)

• Central maneuver planning at traffic

hotspots (e.g. motorway junctions)

• Central maneuver planning for

urban areas

Partially centralized driving planning

• Scheduling is done exclusively on the basis of sensor data
• Basic mobile phone coverage for out-of-sight (traffic light phases,

traffic information, traffic jam information)

• Driving planning is centralised (MECs) or teleoperator takes over

control at traffic hotspots and in urban areas (for cars "confusing" traffic situations).

• Extremely high availability, reliability, low latencies and high data

rates (uplink) in the respective areas, as well as MECs

• Driving planning is done
• Ubiquitous extremely high availability, reliability, low latencies and

high data rates

29 Funded by the European Union

Regulatory aspects

• Dedicated V2X spectrum necessary to achieve low latency
• EU Commission‘s technology neutral approach slows down

migration path towards unified 5G solution

• Technical requirements will steadily rise as autonomous driving

penetration surges and OEMs move towards edge cloud solutions

• Regional penetration of egde cloud infrastructure: digital divide

because of high cost of network deployment (?) and is there enough spectrum available to duplicate infrastructure (?)

• Spectrum and / or RAN-sharing possible solutions to address these

challenges

• Access to edge-clouds across OEMs and MNOs potentially critical

30 Funded by the European Union

Transmission technologies

• Safety-relevant smart mobility services require low packet loss rates, secure

transmission rates and, in particular, low latency (guaranteed QoS).

• However, the packet transit times in optical fiber basically limit the distances that a signal

can cover under the requirement of extremely low latency. In one millisecond

• a vehicle has already covered a distance of 4 cm at 160 km/h,
• the maximum signal path in optical fibre (without data processing) is only 200 km
• Public mobile radio networks in their current form cannot meet the latency requirements of

advanced smart mobility services.

• In view of the enormous amount of data and the extensive nature of the transport

network, non-public radio networks are not an economically viable alternative to public networks.

• C-ITS and C-V2X are two transmission technologies specially developed for V2X

communication.

31 Funded by the European Union

Classification of scenarios

Infrastructural requirement of public 5G networks efficiency potentials

Single Autonomous Driving Partially centralized driving planning Fully centralized driving planning

32 Funded by the European Union

Conclusion

• OEMs have no common view on which communication technology

(WLANp or LTE/5G) is the preferred technology

• Uncertainties might negatively affect the establishment of an Eco-System;
• As long as there is no common view / demand it is difficult for regulators

to impose certain obligation addressing potential requirements of OEMs when assigning frequencies

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