analysis for the effects of different landscape patterns on thermal - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Physiologically equivalent temperature analysis for the effects of different landscape patterns on thermal comfort in urban areas

Sevgi YILMAZ¹

• M. Akif IRMAK¹

¹Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Sevgi YILMAZ

• Prof. Dr.

Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey sevgiy@atauni.edu.tr; syilmaz_68@hotmail.com Tel No:+90 4422312161

Mehmet Akif IRMAK

• Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey mairmak@atauni.edu.tr / Tel No:+90 442 231 6135

My Co-Worker

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Thermal comfort is the climatic conditions in which humans adapt themselves to their environment by spending minimum energy, and feel the most comfortable, healthy and dynamic. The Physiologically equivalent temperature(PET) value can be higher than the air temperature on hot summer days while it can be lower on a windy winter day.

ICUC 110th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment (Alwetaishi, 2016)

Since thermal comfort affects human life, planning comfortable areas is necessary to meet the demand of people in open areas. The ambient temperature accepted as comfortable in terms of climate conditions was stated as 18,1- 23,0 °C . However, later studies showed that the comfort range can change in accordance with geography and seasons.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

In Erzurum Province, approximately 600- hectar urban transformation area was planned. By using the results of this study while planning, the thermal comfortable area designs will be put into practice. This can be considered as a necessity for sustainable and ecological

• urbanization. It is

known that different landscape patterns have an effect on thermal comfort.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

In this study, the effects of five different landscape patterns on PET were determined. When the data obtained from the study is used while making decisions about the healthy urbanization, transformation areas

• r

new settlements, it will properly direct the design.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

MATERIAL

49,86% 50,13%

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

ERZURUM

The number of average snow-covered days is 113.6 and the severe frost situations affect life negatively in the city. In winter, the temperature may decrease to -37 °C while dryness and temperature reaching 36 °C can be seen in summer. The material of the study includes five different landscape patterns chosen in Erzurum Province, which is located at an altitude of 1850 in the east of Turkey. According to the long- term annual average values, the average annual temperature is 5,40 °C and the average annual rainfall is 433 mm in Erzurum.

Five different meteorological stations were located in characterizing 5 different landscape patterns in Erzurum city center. These are:

Blocked-woody area (1. Station)

1

Seasonal wetland (2. Station)

2

City center (3. Station)

3

Auto industrial area (4. Station)

4

Rural open area (5. station Governmental Meteorological Station)

5

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

For each of the different landscape patterns, a Vantage Pro 2 Weather Station was installed and the data were recorded hourly. In these stations, the climate parameters that were obtained for 8 months including May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December 2016 were evaluated. In this study, to determine the effects

• f the climate

parameters on thermal comfort, PET which is included in the complicated thermal index group and is used to identify and measure the energy between human’s thermal environment and body was chosen.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Calculation of PET is made by using Rayman model for Thermal comfort analysis Temperature : Tmrt = Ta= °C Wind Speed: v = 0,1 m/s, Relative humidity: RH=% Radiation: W/m² : Cloudiness:N= Oktas Environmental factors used to calculate comfort values (Matzarakis et al., 1999)

RayMan Pro 2.1 Data entry page of the program

PET (°C) İnsan hissi Termal stres seviyesi < 4 Very cold Excessive cold stress 4.1 – 8.0 Cold Strong cold stress 8.1 – 13.0 Cool Moderate cold stress 13.1 – 18.0 Slightly cool Slight cold stress 18.1 – 23.0 Comfortable No thermal stress 23.1 – 29.0 Slightly temperate Slight warm stress 29.1 – 35.0 Temperate Moderate warm stress 35.1 – 41.0 Warm Strong warm stress > 41.0 Very warm Excessive warm stress

Thermal stress categories of PET index (Matzarakis et al. 1999)

Research Stations-1

Blocked-Woody Area (Station 1); the area shown in Figure has a green field consisting mostly of scotch pines, which is considered as “the lungs of the city”.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Research Stations-2

Seasonal Wetland (Station 2); it was situated in a seasonal wetland. Since its ground water level is high snow water, especially melt in March, April and May has the characteristics

• f

a seasonal wetland. After May, with the weather warming up, water is drawn down and the area dries up.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Research Stations-3

City Centre (Station 3); It was situated in the school yard which is surrounded by houses and commercial buildings in the city center. This area symbolizes exactly the city center.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Research Stations-4

Auto Industrial Area (Station 4); situated in the auto industrial area, it has air pollution problem, especially in winter.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Research Stations-5

Rural Open Area (Station 5- Governmental Meteorological Station); it is a governmental meteorological station. It is a rural and complete

• pen area.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

RESULTS

The spatial distribution of PET results according to months; The spatial distribution maps of the PET graphs of the stations, which were prepared with the use of geographic information systems (GIS 10.1) programme according to the months May to December 2016, are shown in the following slide.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

RESULTS

The analysis of meteorological data of the stations The air temperature, humidity and wind values in the station areas were monthly analysed. The monthly air temperature analysis

STATIONS/ Months May June July August

• Sept. Oct.

Nov. Dec. Mean Te

• mp. (°C)

Blocked -Woody Area 10,7 14,8 18,8 20,2 12,1 7,9

• 1,4
• 9,3

9,2 Seasonal Wetland 11,3 15,5 19,7 21,9 13,2 8,7

• 0,7
• 9,7

10,0 City Center 11,8 16,1 20,4 23,0 14,3 10,0 1,2

• 7,0

11,2 Auto Industrial Area 12,0 16,2 20,5 22,9 13,9 9,6 0,5

• 8,0

11,0 Rural Open Area 10,5 14,8 19,0 20,9 12,4 7,7

• 1,9
• 11,4

9,0 Mean Temp. (°C) 11,3 15,5 19,7 21,8 13,2 8,8

• 0,5
• 9,2

10,1

• 15
• 10
• 5

5 10 15 20 25 Air Temperature (ºC) Months Blocked -Woody Area Seasonal Wetland City Center Auto Industrial Area Rural Open Area

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

RESULTS

The monthly graph of air humidity

STATIONS/ Months May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean Humidity (%) Blocked -Woody Area 71 83 77 45 66 67 86 79 72 Seasonal Wetland 54 67 59 47 61 67 74 83 64 City Center 60 59 51 40 52 57 62 80 58 Auto Industrial Area 63 61 53 41 55 61 68 81 60 Rural Open Area 66 64 53 44 57 64 73 81 63 Mean Humidity (%) 63,5 66,7 58,2 44 58,5 63,3 72,3 81 63,5

20 40 60 80 100 Mean Humidity (%) Months Blocked -Woody Area Seasonal Wetland City Center Auto Industrial Area Rural Open Area

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

RESULTS

The rate of the wind velocity is rather low with an average 2, 7 m/s in the city. The analysis of monthly wind velocity

STATIONS/ Months May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean Wind (m/s) Blocked -Woody Area 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 Seasonal Wetland 2,3 2,7 2,9 3,2 1,7 2,4 1,6 2,9 2,5 City Center 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,5 Auto Industrial Area 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,3 0,8 0,9 0,5 0,7 1,0 Rural Open Area 3,6 3,6 3,9 4,2 3,0 3,1 2,1 2,5 3,3 Mean Wind (m/sn) 1,6 1,8 1,9 1,9 1,2 1,3 0,9 1,3 1,5

1 2 3 4 5 Mean Wind (m/sn) Months Blocked -Woody Area Seasonal Wetland City Center Auto Industrial Area Rural Open Area

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

RESULTS

The analysis of monthly the PET values of the stations: Meteorological climate data are auxiliary data in determining the features of areas and making decisions concerning these areas. However, the temperature data alone is not enough to determine the felt temperature value. In outdoor areas, there are different factors affecting the felt temperatures.

The monthly average of the PET values obtained from meteorological data which were recorded between the dates May 2016 and December 2016, the comparison of these averages with climate data, the monthly spatial distributions and temporal distributions of these values were prepared.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Blocked-Woody Area

Seasonal Wetland

City Center

Auto Industrial Area

Rural Open Area

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 May June July August September October November December 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 May June July August September October November December

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Blocked-Woody Area Seasonal Wetland

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 May June July August September October November December

City Center

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 May June July August September October November December

Auto Industrial Area

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 May June July August September October November December

Rural Open Area

RESULTS

*Based upon the 8 months period, the maximum PET value was calculated similarly for the city center 11,2 ºC, but the lowest PET value for the rural open area 4,7 ºC. It was obtained that there was a 6,5 ºC temperature difference between urban and rural areas

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

*In many studies concerning, similar results were o btained (Unger 1999; Gulyasa et. al., 2006; Yilmaz et al., 2013). Ketterer and Matzarakis (2014) state d that the rural area is cooler than the urban due to the presence of the high rate of wind close to the ground.

RESULTS

STATIONS/ Months May June July Aug.

• Sept. Oct.

Nov. Dec. Mean PET ( ºC) Blocked -Woody Area 12,4 17,2 21,1 22,0 12,9 7,7

• 2,5
• 10,6

10,0 Seasonal Wetland 9,3 13,4 17,7 19,5 10,8 5,1

• 4,6
• 14,7

7,1 City Center 13,3 17,7 21,4 23,5 14,5 9,2

• 0,8
• 9,1

11,2 Auto Industrial Area 11,4 16,0 20,0 22,3 12,9 7,6

• 2,1
• 11,0

9,6 Rural Open Area 6,6 11,5 15,8 17,8 8,1 2,5

• 7,6
• 17,0

4,7 Mean PET (ºC) 10,6 15,2 19,2 21,0 11,8 6,4

• 3,5
• 12,5

8,5

• 20
• 15
• 10
• 5

5 10 15 20 25 30

Mean PET (°C) Months

Blocked -Woody Area Seasonal Wetland City Center Auto Industrial Area Rural Open Area

Avarage PET (ºC) values of stations

Monthly Temporal Distribution Graphics of PET data according to the stations

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Comparative results of the PET analyses according to the stations:

DISCUSSION

*In Erzurum, where the climate negatively affects life conditions, the most positive values in terms of the PET values were

• btained in July and August. Evaluating the average data, the City

Centre station was determined as 11, 2 ºC in terms of PET. In many studies concerning this issue, similar results were obtained (Zhao and Fong, 2017; Zölch et al., 2016). * In winter months, the highest value ( -0, 8) was seen in the city

• center. The fact that there was no wind in the city center in

winter made this value high. Similarly, the effect of wind on thermal comfort was determined by Algeciras et. al (2016).

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

DISCUSSION

*Seasonal Wetland; As it was seen in the spatial distribution graphic, while there was a lower average value in May and June when the effect of seasonal wetland was high, the temperature values in the area relatively decrease due to water drawdown caused by warming weather. Variance in meteorological data changes the PET values; for example, while the average temperature was measured as 21, 8 ºC in all stations in August, the felt temperature (PET) decreased to 21 ºC with the data of low humidity averages (%44), wind (1, 9 m/sn) and cloudness (2, 6 octas). It was seen in this study as well that the cooling effect of water was 7, 1 ºC. Simil arly, the cooling effect of water was stated in different studies (Gó meza et al., 2013; Bisquert et al., 2015; Yilmaz et al., 2015; Jarihani et al., 2015).

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

DISCUSSION

* Rural Open Area; The coldest value (-17, 0 ºC) was measured in Rural Open Area in winter

• months. The reason for this was interpreted as its

being a complete open area and its getting colder with the effect of the wind. Open areas in urban areas were interpreted similarly by Elnabawi et al., (2016).

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

CONCLUSIONS

• Monthly temporal distributions of

the thermal comfort stress range clearly indicated that the Blocked-Woody Area and City Center were thermally more comfortable, As a results of; shading and cooling effects of trees and structures in summer and reducing effects on wind velocity in winter

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

CONCLUSIONS

*Living in a city with thermal comfort provides physical and physiological advantages for human. *Increasing thermal comfort design in urban planning and evaluating meteorological parameters are important for creating livable cities

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

CONCLUSIONS

* Trees should be planted in a way that not blocking wind movement into the city. In other words trees should be planted parallel to the dominant wind direction. * In conclusion it could absoulately be said that trees have possitive effects on different aspects of the cities if they used appropriately.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

CONCLUSIONS

*This study is important for evaluating different

Lanscape patterns for planning living areas and assessing thermal comfort. It was emphasized in this study that it is mandatory to work as a multidisciplinary team for establishing a healthy, sustainable and livable ecological urbanization with thermal comfort.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study has been supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TÜBİTAK as Project No. 215O627. Authors present their special thanks to Turkish State Meteorological Service (DMI) shared their data free of charges.

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

Thank you

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment