An Introduction to the ARPA-E GENSETS Program Ji-Cheng (JC) Zhao - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

An Introduction to the ARPA-E GENSETS Program

Ji-Cheng (JC) Zhao Program Director Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) U.S. Department of Energy

WADE DistribuGen Conference, April 8-9, 2015, Houston, TX

Outline

• Introduction to ARPA-E
• Introduction to GENSETS

Introduction to ARPA-E

4

2007

RISING ABOVE THE GATHERING STORM PUBLISHED

2007

AMERICA COMPETES ACT SIGNED

2009

AMERICAN RECOVERY & REINVESTMENT ACT $400M Appropriated

2011

FY2011 BUDGET $180M Appropriated

2012

FY2012 BUDGET $275M Appropriated

2013

FY2013 BUDGET $265M Appropriated

Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy

The ARPA-E Mission

5

Ensure America’s

• National Security
• Economic Security
• Energy Security
• Technological Competiveness

Catalyze and support the development of transformational, disruptive energy technologies

Reduce Imports Reduce Emissions Improve Efficiency

ARPA-E Inve sts in the De ve lopme nt of Transformational, Disruptive Technologies

time cost / performance

existing learning curve new learning curve tipping point transformational transformational & disruptive

Steam-powered Cugnot (1769) Benz Motorwagen (1885) Ford Model T (1914) 6

TRL 3 to TRL 7 Technology to Market (T2M) component

New York City, 1900

Introduction to GENSETS

(GENerators for Small Electrical and Thermal Systems)

US annual energy use (2013 data)

8

1 quad ≈ 300 TWh ≈ 300,000 GWh ≈ 300,000,000 MWh

US annual electricity generation statistics

Coal

Natural gas Nuclear Hydro Natural gas Sources: LLNL, EIA, EPA

Waste heat

25.8

Electricity

4.7 5.0 4.6 3.4 3.3 18.3

Simplified 2013 data

• 2 billions tons of CO2 (38% of US total)
• 40% of all fresh water withdrawal
• 75% used by residential & commercial sectors

US residential sector annual energy use

Overall efficiency: 50% Overall efficiency: 83%

e-

5 Quads Heat loss 9.7 Quads 4.7 Quads

“19.4 Quads”

Centralized Electricity Generation

10

e-

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

e-

40% electrical efficiency

11.7 Quads

11.7 Quads 4.7 Quads 5 Quads CHP

2 Quads excess heat

• 5 quads of energy savings potential
• 200 millions tons of CO2 reduction (4% US total ≈ 40 M cars)
• 8% reduction of US fresh water withdrawal

Why haven’t you bought a generator for your home?

11

<1,000 of 110,000,000 US homes have CHP systems

• Low fuel to electricity efficiency (<26%)
• High cost for long durability ones (>$6,000)
• Low lifetime for low-cost generators (<1 yr)
• Large kW size than optimal
• Policies and others …

~ 500,000 US homes have backup generators

70 million US homes have piped-in natural gas

Hourly residential load profile: Chicago

12

Source: NREL BEopt 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

kW

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Heating

24 Hour 24 Hour

January July Hot Water Electricity Electricity

Heat from 1 kWe 40% eff. system

(a) (b)

13

Annual residential load profile: Chicago

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating kWh Average of Hot Water kWh Average of Total Electric

Source: NREL BEopt

January December Month

Heat from 3 kWe 40% eff. system

Chicago

Heat from 1 kWe 40% eff. system

14

Annual residential load profiles

Source: NREL BEopt

January December Month 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating Average of Hot Water Average of Total Electric

Denver

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating Average of Hot Water Average of Total Electric January December Month

Boston

January December Month 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating Average of Hot Water Average of Total Electric

Seattle

January December Month 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating Average of Hot Water Average of Total Electric

St Louis

15

Annual residential load profiles

Source: NREL BEopt

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating Average of Hot Water Average of Total Electric January December Month

Atlanta

January December Month 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating Average of Hot Water Average of Total Electric

Albuquerque

January December Month 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating Average of Hot Water Average of Total Electric

Tucson Houston

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 kW Average of Cooling Average of Heating kWh Average of Hot Water kWh Average of Total Electric January December Month

Techno-economic analysis

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Assumptions 1 kW electrical load 1.5 kW heat load 90% capacity factor $0.005/kWh O&M 10 year lifetime $0.11/kWh electricity $10.85/thousand cf NG

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 10 20 30 40 50 60

Annual cost [$/year] Electrical efficiency [%]

Baseline Capex 1000 Capex 2000 Capex 3000 Capex 4000 Capex 5000 Capex 10000

Additional ~ $1,400 already budgeted for meters, other balance

• f plant & installation

CAPEX analysis: MIT study

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$3,300

• K. Tapia-Ahumada, L.J. Perez-Arriaga, E.J. Moniz,

Energy Policy, 61 (2013) 496-512

GENSETS: GENerators for Small Electrical and Thermal Systems

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Improve Efficiency Reduce Emissions Reduce Imports > +25% – 200 million tons

• 1 kW electricity system
• 40% electrical efficiency
• 10 year durability/life
• $ 3,000 system cost

Technologies to enable widespread deployment of CHP systems for residential & commercial sectors

• Save energy (~ 5 quads)
• Save $ (~ 4-5 year payback)
• Reduce CO2 by 200 million tons
• Reduce fresh H2O withdrawal

(8% of US total)

• Increase power resiliency
• $240 billion business opportunity

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www.arpa-e.energy.gov Ji-Cheng (JC) Zhao Program Director Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) U.S. Department of Energy ji-cheng.zhao@doe.gov

Thank you !