An Intr An Introduction t oduction to the the Clean W Clean - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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An Intr An Introduction t oduction to the the Clean W Clean - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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An Intr An Introduction t oduction to the the Clean W Clean Water Act in Arizona ter Act in Arizona and How ASU Dat and How ASU Data Can Help Can Help Jason Jones, March 27, 2018 Clean Water Act Not Just Chemistry The objective of the

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An Intr An Introduction t

  • duction to the

the Clean W Clean Water Act in Arizona ter Act in Arizona and How ASU Dat and How ASU Data Can Help Can Help

Jason Jones, March 27, 2018

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Not Just Chemistry

The objective of the Clean Water Act is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.

Clean Water Act

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Clean Water Act

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Arizona’s Designated Uses

Drinking Water Recreation

Fish Consumption

Farming

Aquatic and Wildlife

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How is the Water?

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Clean Water Act Monitoring and Assessment

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Arizona 2016 Clean Water Act Records by Reporting Agency and Year

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ADEQ Data Around Phoenix in last 10 Years

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Snap Shot of ASU Data Collected

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2016 Assessment Results

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Core Parameter

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www.waterqualitydata.us

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Arizona’s Str Arizona’s Strategy for tegy for Pr Protecting the Public fr

  • tecting the Public from
  • m

Harmful Algal Blooms Harmful Algal Blooms

Catherine Gullo and Jason Jones | March 27, 2018

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Algae Facts

  • Algae pr

Algae prod

  • duces more than

uces more than half half of

  • f

Ear Earth’s o h’s oxygen ygen

  • Algae is e

Algae is ever erywhere ywhere

  • Algae is br

Algae is broadly def

  • adly defined:

d:

–

Can be single celled or Can be single celled or multicelled multicelled (kelp) lp)

–

Pr Prok

  • kar

aryote / / euk eukaryote

  • Symbio

Symbiotic: c:

–

Lichen Lichen

–

Sea sponge Sea sponge

–

Slo Sloth

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Algae Facts

  • Algae pr

Algae prod

  • duces more than

uces more than half half of

  • f

Ear Earth’s o h’s oxygen ygen

  • Algae is e

Algae is ever erywhere ywhere

  • Algae is br

Algae is broadly def

  • adly defined:

d:

–

Can be single celled or Can be single celled or multicelled multicelled (kelp) lp)

–

Pr Prok

  • kar

aryote / / euk eukaryote

  • Symbio

Symbiotic: c:

–

Lichen Lichen

–

Sea sponge Sea sponge

–

Slo Sloth

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What is an Algal Bloom?

Blooms f Blooms form when en rm when envir vironmental conditions nmental conditions that pr that promo

  • mote e

e excessiv cessive gr e growth of wth of algae algae in in sur surface w ace waters can lead t can lead to situations with high situations with high cell density cell density

Source: USGS Open‐File Report 2015‐1164

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Not all blooms are from Cyanobacteria

Sour Source: Doug V ce: Doug Von Gausig n Gausig

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Sour Source: Meghan Smar ce: Meghan Smart, ADEQ t, ADEQ

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What are cyanobacteria? Cy Cyanobact anobacteria ria, also kno , also known as blue-green algae, are wn as blue-green algae, are tin tiny, plantlik , plantlike organisms that liv e organisms that live in in lak lakes, streams, s, streams, and reser and reservoirs and use sunlight t

  • irs and use sunlight to gr

grow.

Source: Dr. David Walker University of Arizona

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What Causes Algal Blooms?

Sour Source: Hans W ce: Hans W. Paerl Paerl HABS Presentation ABS Presentation

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Toledo, Ohio Toledo, Ohio in ledo, Ohio in 20 2014: : Toxic algae bloom lea xic algae bloom leaves es 500,000 500,000 without drinking w without drinking water f r for three da r three days ys

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Health Affects from Algal Toxins Fo For people people algal t algal toxins xins can can cause: cause:

  • Skin rashes
  • Eye irritation
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting

Fo For animals animals algal t algal toxins xins can can cause: cause:

  • Skin rashes
  • Vomiting
  • Convulsions
  • Death (in severe cases)
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Toxic Algae is Harmful

  • National statistics on harmful algal bloom illnesses are

National statistics on harmful algal bloom illnesses are poor poor

  • Ne

New Y w York Pilo Pilot Study in 20 t Study in 2015 look looked at 1 ed at 16 of 62 counties.

  • f 62 counties.

– 32 repor

32 reported human cases; ed human cases; 17 req required hospitalization ired hospitalization

– 3 dog cases;

3 dog cases; 2 req 2 required hospitalization ired hospitalization

  • Ka

Kansas 2 2010 S Study

– 7 confirmed human cases;

7 confirmed human cases; 2 req 2 requir ired hospitali ed hospitalizati ation

– 7 dog cases;

7 dog cases; 5 f 5 fatalities talities; ; 1 hospitalization 1 hospitalization

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Algal Toxins

Algal blooms can contain Algal blooms can contain tox toxins that are harmful that are harmful t to people and people and animals animals. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established Health Advisory criteria for algal toxins in drinking water in 2015.

Cyanotoxin Bottle-fed infants and pre-school children School-age children and adults Microcystin 0.3 ug/L 1.6 ug/L Cylindrospermospsin 0.7 ug/L 3 ug/L

Drinking Water Cyanotoxin Health Advisory Criteria Source

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Algal Toxins The EPA proposed Health Advisory criteria for algal toxins in recreational waters in 2016.

Cyanotoxin Proposed Recreational Criteria Microcystin 4 ug/L Cylindrospermopsin 8 ug/L Recreational Water Quality Criteria Source Micr Microcystis

  • cystis

Cyli Cylindr ndrospermopsis spermopsis

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EPA’s National Lake Survey – Microcystin

  • Microcystin is detected in 39% of the nation’s lakes (111,818 total lakes

in the US).

  • Concentrations rarely reach moderate or high levels of concern

established by the World Health Organization (< 1% of lakes).

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United States ‐ Harmful Algal Bloom Criteria

23 23 Stat States ha es have algal t algal toxin crit xin criteria eria 8 8 Stat States ha es have crit criteria relat eria related t d to algal blooms (lik algal blooms (like cell counts) e cell counts) Source

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Source: Arizona Administrative Code R18‐11‐108.03

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Timeline of Harmful Algal Blooms in Arizona

National P National Park Ser Servic ice issues swimmi e issues swimming advisor ng advisory f for r Lak Lake Mead Mead and and Moha Mohave due t to harmful a ful algal b l bloom. m. Bureau of R Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) sam clamation (BOR) samples les Lak Lake Ha Havasu su for algal t r algal toxins.

  • xins. Bloom

Bloom present f present for multiple months. Ele r multiple months. Elevat ated le ed levels of the cyano ls of the cyanotoxin micr in microcystin

  • cystin

de detect cted. ADEQ, BOR, City of Lak ADEQ, BOR, City of Lake Ha Havasu, su, and o and other stak her stakeholder eholders coor coordin dinate sam sampling of algal ling of algal t toxin data. xin data. EP EPA publishes draf A publishes draft Human Health R t Human Health Recreational W creational Water Quality Crit r Quality Criteria. eria. Micr Microcystin

  • cystin de

detect cted in ed in Lak Lake Ha Havasu su abo above EP e EPA’s draf s draft crit criteria. eria. 2015 2016 2017 2018

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Drinking Water

HAVASU LAKE (CA)

8 Drinking W 8 Drinking Water intak intakes locat es located on d on Lak Lake Ha Havasu or immediat su or immediately ely do downstream; o wnstream; over 5,000 people ser er 5,000 people served ed

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Lake Havasu Microcystin Sites

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Tools for HABS Monitoring

Abraxis test strips – screening tool to detect common algal toxins

  • Anatoxin-a (0-2.5 ppb)
  • Cylindrospermopsin (0-10 ppb)
  • Microcystins - Finished Drinking Water (0 –

0.3 ppb)

  • Microcystins - Recreational Water (0-10

ppb)

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Algal Bloom – Healthy Beach Habits Enjoying the outdoors is an important part of an active, healthy

  • lifestyle. ADEQ recommends following these simple, healthy habits in

waters with visible algae:

  • STAY AWAY from algae and scum in the water – AND – keep children

and pets away from algae in the water or on the shore.

  • DO NOT DRINK or use this water for cooking.
  • Visit ADEQ’s Healthy Beach Habits Webpage
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Problem Identified…Now What?

  • No numeric standard. Cannot apply Clean Water Act

tools (impairment, enforcement, permits)

  • ADEQ is working with landowners and stakeholders for

Lake Havasu (30 plus entities)  Complicated

  • Resistance to communicating risk to the public because
  • f possible impact on local economy
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Stakeholders

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Satellite Tools for HABS Monitoring

  • EPA and California both have early satellite tools

that include Arizona Lakes

  • Both relate pixel values to cyanobacteria cell density
  • Neither are related to toxicity

EPA CYaN Info - https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-11/documents/cyan_presentation_schaeffer.pdf California Tool - https://cchab.sfei.org/?w=73&d=20171126

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California Cyano Index - https://cchab.sfei.org/?w=73&d=20171126

Satellite Tools for HABS Monitoring