An Intr An Introduction t oduction to the the Clean W Clean - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

An Intr An Introduction t oduction to the the Clean W Clean Water Act in Arizona ter Act in Arizona and How ASU Dat and How ASU Data Can Help Can Help Jason Jones, March 27, 2018

Clean Water Act Not Just Chemistry The objective of the Clean Water Act is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.

Clean Water Act

Arizona’s Designated Uses Drinking Water Recreation Fish Consumption Farming Aquatic and Wildlife

How is the Water?

Clean Water Act Monitoring and Assessment

Arizona 2016 Clean Water Act Records by Reporting Agency and Year

ADEQ Data Around Phoenix in last 10 Years

Snap Shot of ASU Data Collected

2016 Assessment Results

Core Parameter

www.waterqualitydata.us

Arizona’s Str Arizona’s Strategy for tegy for Pr Protecting the Public fr otecting the Public from om Harmful Algal Blooms Harmful Algal Blooms Catherine Gullo and Jason Jones | March 27, 2018

Algae Facts  Algae pr Algae prod oduces more than uces more than half half of of Ear Earth’s o h’s oxygen ygen  Algae is e Algae is ever erywhere ywhere Algae is br Algae is broadly def oadly defined: d:  Can be single celled or Can be single celled or – multicelled multicelled (kelp) lp) Pr Prok okar aryote / / euk eukaryote –  Symbio Symbiotic: c: Lichen Lichen – Sea sponge Sea sponge – Slo Sloth –

Algae Facts  Algae pr Algae prod oduces more than uces more than half half of of Ear Earth’s o h’s oxygen ygen  Algae is e Algae is ever erywhere ywhere Algae is br Algae is broadly def oadly defined: d:  Can be single celled or Can be single celled or – multicelled multicelled (kelp) lp) Pr Prok okar aryote / / euk eukaryote –  Symbio Symbiotic: c: Lichen Lichen – Sea sponge Sea sponge – Slo Sloth –

What is an Algal Bloom? Blooms f Blooms form when en rm when envir vironmental conditions nmental conditions that pr that promo omote e e excessiv cessive gr e growth of wth of algae algae in in sur surface w ace waters can lead t can lead to situations with high situations with high cell density cell density Source: USGS Open‐File Report 2015‐1164

Not all blooms are from Cyanobacteria Sour Source: Doug V ce: Doug Von Gausig n Gausig

Sour Source: Meghan Smar ce: Meghan Smart, ADEQ t, ADEQ

What are cyanobacteria? Cy Cyanobact anobacteria ria, also kno , also known as blue-green algae, are wn as blue-green algae, are tin tiny, plantlik , plantlike organisms that liv e organisms that live in in lak lakes, streams, s, streams, and reser and reservoirs and use sunlight t oirs and use sunlight to gr grow. Source: Dr. David Walker University of Arizona

What Causes Algal Blooms? Sour Source: Hans W ce: Hans W. Paerl Paerl HABS Presentation ABS Presentation

Toledo, Ohio Toledo, Ohio in ledo, Ohio in 20 2014: : Toxic algae bloom lea xic algae bloom leaves es 500,000 500,000 without drinking w without drinking water f r for three da r three days ys

Health Affects from Algal Toxins Fo For people people algal t algal toxins xins can can cause: cause:  Skin rashes  Eye irritation  Diarrhea  Vomiting Fo For animals animals algal t algal toxins xins can can cause: cause:  Skin rashes  Vomiting  Convulsions  Death (in severe cases)

Toxic Algae is Harmful  National statistics on harmful algal bloom illnesses are National statistics on harmful algal bloom illnesses are poor poor  Ne New Y w York Pilo Pilot Study in 20 t Study in 2015 look looked at 1 ed at 16 of 62 counties. of 62 counties. – 32 repor 32 reported human cases; ed human cases; 17 req required hospitalization ired hospitalization – 3 dog cases; 3 dog cases; 2 req 2 required hospitalization ired hospitalization  Ka Kansas 2 2010 S Study – 7 confirmed human cases; 7 confirmed human cases; 2 req 2 requir ired hospitali ed hospitalizati ation – 7 dog cases; 7 dog cases; 5 f 5 fatalities talities; ; 1 hospitalization 1 hospitalization

Algal Toxins Algal blooms can contain tox Algal blooms can contain toxins that are harmful that are harmful t to people and people and animals animals. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established Health Advisory criteria for algal toxins in drinking water in 2015. Drinking Water Cyanotoxin Health Advisory Criteria Cyanotoxin Bottle-fed infants and pre-school School-age children and adults children Microcystin 0.3 ug/L 1.6 ug/L Cylindrospermospsin 0.7 ug/L 3 ug/L Source

Algal Toxins The EPA proposed Health Advisory criteria for algal toxins in recreational waters in 2016. Recreational Water Quality Criteria Cyanotoxin Proposed Recreational Criteria Microcystin 4 ug/L Cylindrospermopsin 8 ug/L Source Micr Microcystis ocystis Cyli Cylindr ndrospermopsis spermopsis

EPA’s National Lake Survey – Microcystin Microcystin is detected in 39% of the nation’s lakes (111,818 total lakes • in the US). Concentrations rarely reach moderate or high levels of concern • established by the World Health Organization (< 1% of lakes).

United States ‐ Harmful Algal Bloom Criteria 23 23 Stat States ha es have algal t algal toxin crit xin criteria eria 8 Stat 8 States ha es have crit criteria relat eria related t d to algal blooms (lik algal blooms (like cell counts) e cell counts) Source

Source: Arizona Administrative Code R18‐11‐108.03

Timeline of Harmful Algal Blooms in Arizona 2015 National P National Park Ser Servic ice issues swimmi e issues swimming advisor ng advisory f for r Lak Lake Mead Mead and and Moha Mohave due t to harmful a ful algal b l bloom. m. Bureau of R Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) sam clamation (BOR) samples les Lak Lake Ha Havasu su for algal t r algal toxins. xins. Bloom Bloom 2016 present for multiple months. Ele present f r multiple months. Elevat ated le ed levels of the cyano ls of the cyanotoxin micr in microcystin ocystin de detect cted. ADEQ, BOR, City of Lak ADEQ, BOR, City of Lake Ha Havasu, su, and o and other stak her stakeholder eholders coor coordin dinate sam sampling of algal ling of algal t toxin data. xin data. 2017 EP EPA publishes draf A publishes draft Human Health R t Human Health Recreational W creational Water Quality Crit r Quality Criteria. eria. Micr Microcystin ocystin de detect cted in ed in Lak Lake Ha Havasu su abo above EP e EPA’s draf s draft crit criteria. eria. 2018

Drinking Water HAVASU LAKE (CA) 8 Drinking W 8 Drinking Water intak intakes locat es located on d on Lake Ha Lak Havasu or immediat su or immediately ely do downstream; o wnstream; over 5,000 people ser er 5,000 people served ed

Lake Havasu Microcystin Sites

Tools for HABS Monitoring Abraxis test strips – screening tool to detect common algal toxins Anatoxin-a (0-2.5 ppb)  Cylindrospermopsin (0-10 ppb)  Microcystins - Finished Drinking Water (0 –  0.3 ppb) Microcystins - Recreational Water (0-10  ppb)

Algal Bloom – Healthy Beach Habits Enjoying the outdoors is an important part of an active, healthy lifestyle. ADEQ recommends following these simple, healthy habits in waters with visible algae:  STAY AWAY from algae and scum in the water – AND – keep children and pets away from algae in the water or on the shore.  DO NOT DRINK or use this water for cooking.  Visit ADEQ’s Healthy Beach Habits Webpage

Problem Identified…Now What?  No numeric standard. Cannot apply Clean Water Act tools (impairment, enforcement, permits)  ADEQ is working with landowners and stakeholders for Lake Havasu (30 plus entities)  Complicated  Resistance to communicating risk to the public because of possible impact on local economy

Stakeholders

Satellite Tools for HABS Monitoring  EPA and California both have early satellite tools that include Arizona Lakes  Both relate pixel values to cyanobacteria cell density  Neither are related to toxicity EPA CYaN Info - https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-11/documents/cyan_presentation_schaeffer.pdf California Tool - https://cchab.sfei.org/?w=73&d=20171126

Satellite Tools for HABS Monitoring California Cyano Index - https://cchab.sfei.org/?w=73&d=20171126