AIT AIT Sha Share re Introduction and Background ED82.03: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

AIT AIT Sha Share re

Introduction and Background

• Prof. Sivanappan Kumar

Vice President of Academic Affairs Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)

ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development Inter Semester – 17

3

PPSD Background

• We have seen major transformations since we inhabited the earth

– hunter gatherer to agriculture to industrial to digital revolutions.

• The notion of development until the middle of the 20th century

was that of economics only.

• Changes are taking place rapidly and are profound.
• Decision makers need to be aware of the complexity,

interlinkages, and its societal impacts, and to be able to use tools, methods and processes to analyze and look for solutions. ????

• This course is aimed to address the above with lectures,

discussions, games, and assignments. Welcome

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

4

PPSD Course Objective

• To explore the meaning of sustainability from both

conceptual and practical perspectives

• To provide the necessary background and common basis to

understand the meaning of sustainability within their chosen specialisation and professional work, as well as apply principles, tools and methods in functional business and

• rganizational contexts.

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

5

PPSD Learning Outcomes

To be able to

• Discuss the key issues, challenges and trends facing the world

today.

• Discuss the requirements for realizing a sustainable world using an

holistic integrative perspective.

• Discuss the key international agreements and frameworks that are

currently being discussed and utilized to move towards sustainability.

• Articulate the ways in which countries/organizations are

addressing the sustainable development challenge

• Apply various tools and methods available for mainstreaming

sustainable development in different sectors.

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

6

Course Outline

I. What is Sustainable Development?

• Concept and definitions of Sustainable Development
• Domains and core principles
• The World in the past 300 years – the great acceleration
• The system dynamics perspective
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• II. Vital Signs: Current Challenges and Trends facing Humanity’s
• wn sustainability
• Key environmental challenges and trends
• Key social challenges and trends
• Key economic challenges and trends

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

7

Course Outline

• III. Requirements for Realizing a Sustainable World
• World views and shared visions
• Measuring sustainability (Indicators)
• Energy and climate fundamentals
• Land and nature
• Agro-food Systems
• Renewable resources: Water, Energy, Forests
• Non renewable resources: Energy, Minerals
• Built Environment – Green and reimaging our cities
• Sustainable production & consumption (Greening the

Industrial Economy)

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

8

Course Outline

• IV. Sector Responses to the Sustainable Development

Challenge & Outlooks for the Future

• Government
• Civil society
• Business
• V. Models and Frameworks for Sustainable Development
• Triple Bottom Line
• The natural step

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

9

Reading Materials, Schedule and Grades

READING MATERIALS Power Point presentations, Reference Books and Journal articles  Available in the Library – Reserve section; Moodle CLASS SCHEDULE May 23rd – June 30th, 2017 Please see timetable

GRADES Final exam 50% Individual Assignments 20% Group Assignments 15% Participation in class discussion 15%

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

10

• Available in moodle
• Visit moodle.ait.asia
• Log in with your AIT email and

password.

• Select CCSD and select PPSD
• Enrollment key is: PPSD
• Read the catalog description –

learning outcomes, topics, list of references, etc

Presentations

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

11

We will first discuss about ‘development’ and ‘sustainable development’ from the definitions perspective only

• to know the differences between the two and then talk

about

• Why is sustainable development important?

Before We Start (tomorrow)

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

12

What is your (current) idea/perspective on the topics – Sustainable Development, Sustainability? List few key words to illustrate them.

Therefore…

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

13

• (Cambridge Dictionary) the process in which someone or

something grows or changes and becomes more advanced

• (Business Dictionary)
• The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet

specific objectives or requirements.

• An extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a concept,

design, discovery, or invention.

• The process of economic and social transformation that is

based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.

• The process of adding improvements to a parcel of land,

such as grading, subdivisions, drainage, access, roads, utilities.

Development Defined…

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

14

• Synonyms for development (noun growth)
• Advance
• Evolution
• Expansion
• Increase
• Progress
• Buildup
• Boost
• Mature
• Spread
• Reinforce

Development Defined…

They developed a new model…. They developed a partnership… They developed an understanding… developed into a city ..

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

15

Sustainable Development “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability

• f future generations to meet their own

needs”

• The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future, 1987

List the important elements/key words (in your

• pinion) on sustainable development (and its branch
• f study):
• Eg. Reduce energy, engineering/physical sciences

Sustain: “maintain", "support", or "endure

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

16

‘Ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come (DETR, 1999).

• social progress which recognises the needs of

everyone;

• effective protection of the environment;
• prudent use of natural resources; and
• maintenance of high and stable levels of economic

growth and employment.’

Sustainable Development (UK)

Department of The Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) (1999), A better quality of life: UK strategy for sustainable development, The Stationery Office, London

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

17

• Well-being of present and future generations
• Maintaining a healthy environment without increasing the

use of natural resources beyond the capacity of the environment to supply them indefinitely

Emphasis of Sustainable Development

Well being:

“the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy” - being fit physically, emotionally content, economically satisfied, etc

Use .. .. ..indefinitely:

limits to growth

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

18

• Factors/areas involving
• Physical sciences
• Social sciences
• Managerial science/governance
• Time

So, Sustainable Development Encompasses

‘ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come’ (DETR, 1999).

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

19

• Development is growth (without any other consideration
• r considering only economic)
• Sustainable development is more holistic and

encompasses many dimensions (involving physical, social and managerial sciences), with time also as a factor

In Other Words,..

Why not development, and why sustainable development?

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

20

World human population is about 7 billion, and expected to reach 10 billion by 2100. Globalization, communication/information access, connectivity is on the rise. Aspirations, needs are increasing. World relatively peaceful since 1950. (at least, we discuss) human rights, democracy, equality Global per-capita incomes are expected to rise 2.2% yearly until 2050; absolute poverty, ($1.25 PPP/day) would reduce from 21.9% in 2005 to 0.4 % in 2050.

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Background

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

21

• Resource constraints
• Food
• Minerals
• Energy
• Planetary constraints
• Related to environment
• Societal constraints
• Inequality in “wealth”
• Technology and society
• “The Fourth Industrial

Revolution”

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Constraints

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

22

• The average concentration of copper in the earth's crust is
• nly about 70 ppm
• World reserves of copper are estimated at 320 million

metric tons, reserve base at 630 million metric tons. World resources of copper are estimated at 2.3 billion metric tons

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Resource Constraints (Minerals/Copper)

SUSTAINABLE ???

UN DESA Discussion Paper No. 5 , Trends in Consumption and Production: Selected Minerals. Prepared by Oleg Dzioubinski Ralph Chipman, March 1999

• Reserves < 20 years;
• Reserve base >40 years; and
• Resources > 105 years.

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

23

Copper – Resource and Use

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

24

• World apparent fish consumption is projected to reach 178 million

tonnes in 2025. On a per capita basis, apparent fish consumption will be 21.8 kg in 2025 (it was 5.2 kg in 1961).

• the share of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels

decreased from 90% in 1974 to 68.6% in 2013.

• For example, in the Pacific Ocean, the population of bluefin tuna

has shrunk by 97%.

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Resource Constraints (Food/Fish)

Consumption per capita increases, population increases; but resources shrinking

Source: The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016, FAO publication

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

25

• All projections say the RPR is about 40 - 60 years for (Conventional)
• il and natural gas, and about 120 years for coal.
• Gas hydrates… game changer???

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Resource Constraints (Energy/Fossil Fuels)

Source: BP Statistical review of world energy 2016.

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

26

• Gas hydrates occur throughout Earth’s deep-water continental

margins and in areas overlain by thick permafrost and is a storehouse of methane gas

• They are ice-like structures composed of water and natural gas
• molecules. Under favorable conditions of high pressure and low

temperature, water molecules form cages which encapsulate gas molecules.

• Global annual energy consumption is about 500 EJ. Estimates of the

global in-place hydrate resources range between 0.1 and 1.1 million

• EJ. RPR is about 200 to 2000 years! Compare with known reserves of

all fossil fuels – about 100,000 EJ.

Methane Hydrates – The Future??

Source: Beaudoin, Y. C., Dallimore, S. R., and Boswell, R. (eds), 2014. Frozen Heat: A UNEP Global Outlook on Methane Gas Hydrates. Volume 2., GRID-Arendal. AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

27

Methane Hydrates – The Future??

Source: Beaudoin, Y. C., Dallimore, S. R., and Boswell, R. (eds), 2014. Frozen Heat: A UNEP Global Outlook on Methane Gas Hydrates. Volume 2., GRID-Arendal. AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

28

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Breaching Planetary Boundaries

• Four of nine planetary boundaries have now been

crossed as a result of human activity).

• climate change,
• loss of biosphere

integrity,

• land-system

change,

• altered

biogeochemical cycles (phosphorus and nitrogen)

Source: Rockström et al 2009, Stiffen et al 2015)

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

29

• EOD is the day on the calendar when humanity has used the

resources that it takes the planet the full year to regenerate.

• EOD has moved from early October in 2000 to August 8 in 2016.

Ecological Foot Print and Earth Overshoot Day

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/ AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

30

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Wealth Inequality

Global wealth = US$ 256 trillion Half of all adults in the world

• wn

less than US$ 2,222.

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

31

The number of people whose wealth is equal to that of the poorest half of the world’s population since 2010. 2015 62 2014 80 2013 92 2012 159 2011 177 2010 388

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Wealth Inequality

Top 1% of adults own 51% of the world’s wealth; top 10% own 89%; and bottom 50% own only 1%.

Source: Forbes and Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2014 and 2015

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

32

Technology enabled platform/on-demand economy

• Uber, owns no vehicles
• Facebook creates no content
• Alibaba has no inventory
• Airbnb owns no real estate
• Tom Goodwin, 2015

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Technology, Business and Society

Largest companies in their sector

Aging population

• 7 billion now to about 10 billion in 2050.
• Falling birth rates and longer, healthier lives
• Impact on home purchases; entrepreneurship,

etc

Source: Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, 2016

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

33

Industry, Workforce

• Providers of labour are no longer employees; the same person

can be an Uber driver, an Airbnb host, etc. Workers need to adapt continuously, and learn new skills

• In 1990, Detroit’s 3 largest companies – market capitilization of

$36 billion, revenue of $250 billion and workforce of 1.2 million. In 2014, three largest Silicon Valley companies - $1.1 trillion, $247 million and 137,000 people

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Technology, Business and Society

Source: Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, 2016

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

34

The current transformation is specially remarkable for

• its speed of change,
• Current changes are exponential rather than linear
• its breadth and depth (scale),
• Creating paradigm shifts in economy, society
• its complexity,
• Wealth creation with few workers; knowledge economy, and
• impact on systems (government, business, etc)
• Transparency, Wiki Leaks
• 24 hour news – immediate answers to questions and this is

unprecedented in human history.

Why Sustainability is Important/Relevant?: Technology, Business and Society

Source: Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, 2016

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

35

Growth “Exponential”… (Socio-Economic Trends)

Source: Stiffen et al,, The Anthropocene review, Vol 2(1), 81-98, 2015 AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

36

Growth “Exponential”… (Earth System Trends)

Source: Stiffen et al,, The Anthropocene review, Vol 2(1), 81-98, 2015 AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

37

How Can This Be Observed?: Indicators

• To know
• Where we were, where we are and where we want to

be

• The trends..
• The limits…
• Examples: Employment rate, poverty, state of health,

education, HDI.

• That cannot be (directly) measured: Freedom, Security.
• An indicator is something that helps you understand where

you are, which way you are going and how far you are from where you want to be.

• Source: http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/indicators

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

38

Tragedy of the Commons –

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZFkUeleHPY

Linkages and The System Approach

• We are dealing with issues that have multiple

dimensions, and effects.

• Also the impact of “time”.
• This requires a more realistic method to address the

issue/problem – systems thinking

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

39

The laws of nature and biology The trajectories

• f current trends

The boundaries

• f the planet

Human nature, human systems ...

WHERE HOW

DO WE GO???

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

40

• Resource use is exponential, and we are consuming them like there

is no tomorrow

• We are nearing planetary boundaries (and crossed few of them) in

many issues

• Interaction of technology, government, business, and society has

become more complex, and made it more interactive

• Current transformations are rapid, huge in scale, complex, has

linkages (systems approach)

Summary

This leads to two major conclusions –

• Need to think/act in terms of “systems”; and
• Use of indicators.

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

41

‘ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come’ (DETR, 1999).

• Resource limits and learning to live within

the limits (Section 1: Concept of Sustainable Development ; Section 2: Vital Signs; and Section 3: Requirements for a sustainable world)

• Interconnections among physical, social

and managerial sciences (later as economy, society, and environment) (Section 4: Challenges and Outlook for the future)

• Equitable distribution of resources and
• pportunities (Section 5: Framework and

models for sustainable development)

Take Away Key Points

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

42

Home Assignment - 1

The following ten issues can be considered to be important now:

 Global warming & climate change  Globalisation (i.e.process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade)  Ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss  Natural Resource Availability (e.g. water, wood, land, etc.)  Technology (e.g. Information and communication, chemistry, bio-technology, nanotechnology, renewable energy, etc.)  Religious revival (e.g. growth in fundamentalism, evangelical groups, New Age and Ancient traditions)  Food security (quantity, quality, price, access and availability)  Energy security (quantity, quality, price, access and availability)  Poverty (especially the growing gap between North and South)  Disasters (natural and human made) AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

43

Note each of the issues carefully. Then answer the following 2 questions:

 Have you been directly affected by (each of) these issues on your life or do you know someone whom you know well?  How much effect do you think they will be having in the next 10-15 years?  What other major issues (not listed here) you think will have a major affect in the next 10-15 years? (Maximum 3 issues can be added if)

Home Assignment – 1A

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

44

Home Assignment – 1

Issue 1 Now Not much effect Medium effect Major effect 15 years from now Not much effect Less than now Same as now Much more than now Issue 2 Now Not much effect Medium effect Major effect 15 years from now Not much effect Less than now Same as now Much more than now Issue 3 Now Not much effect Medium effect Major effect 15 years from now Not much effect Less than now Same as now Much more than now Issue 4 Now Not much effect Medium effect Major effect 15 years from now Not much effect Less than now Same as now Much more than now

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

45

• Consider the 10 issues noted earlier. Choose one issue. For that issue:
• On the left-hand side of the timeline, mark 3-5 important past events and current

trends that have affected, are affecting and/or will affect this issue up to the present time

(now).

• On the “Probable Futures” line, mark 3-5 events and trends that you expect to occur

within the next 50 years.

• On the “Preferable Futures” line, mark 3-5 events and trends that you would really like to

see happen within the next 50 years.

Home Assignment – 1B

NOW 1950 Preferred Future Probable Future 2050

• Probable Futures are all those which seem likely

to come about. They are often arrived at by extrapolation of current trends. Preferable Futures are all those which people would like to come about. Such desirable futures are based on hopes, aspirations and dreams.

AIT Share|ED82.03: Principles and Practices of Sustainable Development

Thank you for watching