Ahmed Ali Profile Ahmed has a long track record in the Australian - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ahmed Ali

Profile

Ahmed has a long track record in the Australian poultry industry. After completing a Bachelor degree in agricultural science, Ahmed moved from Turkey to Australia to take up a position of Farm Manager at Ingham's Poultry in Perth from 1993 to 1995. In 1996, he was awarded a Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Sciences at UWA to investigate the potential use of lupins for poultry using enzyme pectinase. The results of this study was encouraging which led the Grain Pool of WA to support lupins-enzyme research work from 1998 to 2002. The outcomes were sufficiently promising to procure funding from the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) for 2003 - 2005, in order to test new ways to further improve the lupins by treating them with a combination of extrusion (mechanical-heat machine) and pectinase for broilers (meat chickens) and egg layers.

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Use of Pectinases to Improve the Nutritive Value of Lupins for Poultry

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Ahmed Ali

Supervisors: Dr Ian Williams and Prof Graeme Martin

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• Save $35/tonne diet?
• Use lupins + enzyme pectinase
• Replace imported soybean meal

Poultry industry:

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Lupins

• Most important legume crop in Australia
• Annual production: 1 million tonnes
• $280 million/year

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Lupins Soybean meal

Protein (%) Fat (%) Energy (MJ/kg) $ 34 6 18 280 46 4 16 540

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ME (MJ/kg) Soybean meal Lupins 13.0 10.2 Difference = 30% Utilisation of lupins by poultry is low!

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Lupins currently limited to 5% in broiler (meat chicken) diets 7% in egg layer diets Can ME be increased from 10.2 MJ/kg? Aim: use lupins up to 20% in poultry diets!

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H O H OC3H O C OH O H H OH H O H OH O C OH O H H OH H O H OH O C OH O H H OH H O H OC3H O C OH O H H OH

Glycosidic bonds

Lupins

• highly viscous + soluble NSPs in cell walls (34%)
• pectins: long chain of galacturonic acid units

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Pectinase, polygalacturonase (PG) for broilers ↓11% viscosity ↑ 5% weight gain ↑ 8% digestion of dry matter ↑ 5% metabolisable energy But PG unable to …

• Breakdown >11% of pectin chains?
• Reduce water-holding capacity?
• Reduce wet dropping?

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Methyl ester radicals (CH3COO—) PG PG Methyl ester

H O H OC3H O C OH O H H OH H O H OH O C OH O H H OH H O H OH O C OH O H H OH H O H OC3H O C OH O H H OH

Methyl ester

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Methyl esters

In vitro

Cross link with neighbouring polymers via Ca++ Form gel ↑water-holding capacity ↑viscosity

In broilers

↑water intake, ↓food intake Poor digestion of dry matter, poor weight gain

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Pectin methyl esterase (PME):

• Strips off methyl esters along pectin chain
• CH3COO → methanol (CH3OH) + hydrogen (H)
• Helps PG to break down pectin chain by 4-10 fold
• Reduces viscosity and water-holding capacity more

than PG alone Lupin kernel: 11% pectin 80 - 90% methyl esterified

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But PG+PME unable to: Reduce viscosity or water-holding capacity Reason: PME dose was too high (1400 units)?

Recent in vitro results

PG+PME better than PG alone: 27% Breakdown of cell wall 50% Breakdown of pectin 65% Reduction of pectin chain length 65% Reduction of methyl ester

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Hypothesis

Appropriate dose of PME (<1400 units) in combination with PG (1400 units) will:

• Allow a substantial breakdown of cell walls and pectins
• Reduce water-holding capacity and viscosity

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12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

PME dose (in combination with PG)

Cell-wall polysaccharide (%)

Lupins Lathyrus Pea Faba

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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 5% LSD Lupins Faba Lathyrus Pea

Pectin (%)

PME dose (in combination with PG)

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5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 5% LSD Pea Faba Lathyrus Lupins

Methyl ester (%)

PME dose (in combination with PG)

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1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 5% LSD Lupins Lathyrus Pea Faba

Viscosity (m.Pas/sec)

PME dose (in combination with PG)

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2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 5% LSD Lathyrus Lupins Pea Faba

Water-holding capacity (g water: g dry matter)

PME dose (in combination with PG)

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Dehulled lupins (%) in diet 10 20 30 None 5.11 6.38 a 7.78 a 9.61a PME + PG 5.06 4.54 b 6.82 b 8.99 b None 296 326

a

353

a

388 PME + PG 294 294 b 332 b 379 None 62.6 67.9 a 70.1a 72.8 PME + PG 63.0 60.4 b 64.4 b 71.0 Viscosity of digesta (m.Pas/sec.) Water intake (ml/bird/day) Faecal moisture (%)

In broilers

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Dehulled lupins (%) 10 20 30 Feed intake (g/bird/day) None 139 141 133 124 PME + PG 140 141 134 126 Weight gain (g/bird/day) None 63.5 62.7 a 58.4 a 53.6 PME + PG 63.4 66.7 b 61.4 b 55.4 Feed conversion ratio (feed g : gain g) None 2.28 2.33 a 2.34 a 2.39 PME + PG 2.27 2.20 b 2.23 b 2.34

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10 20 30 Apparent metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) None 12.3 11.8 a 11.1 a 10.6 PME + PG 12.4 12.5 b 11.6 b 10.8 Breakdown of cell-wall polysaccharides (%) None 4.2 4.8 a 3.5 a 3.1 a PME + PG 4.2 11.3 b 6.3 b 4.2 b Breakdown of pectin (%) None 2.3 2.5 a 2.1 a 1.9 a PME + PG 2.3 14.9 b 6.7 b 3.8 b

Dehulled lupins (%)

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Discussion

Hypothesis Accepted In vitro

Combination: PME + PG

↓ 27% cell walls, ↓ 37% pectin ↓ 18% viscosity, ↓ 14% water-holding capacity

Broilers

↑6% feed conversion efficiency, ↑6% metabolisable energy PG+PME: successful with 10% and 20% dehulled lupin diets, but Not with 30% dehulled lupins. Why?

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Why 30% lupins was not successful?

• 1. Complex cell wall: two-third non-pectic polysaccharides
• Galactan, rhamno-galacturonan, arabinan, cellulose, hemicellulose
• Side-chains (soluble fractions): ↑water-holding capacity, ↑viscosity
• 2. Anti-nutritional factors (ANFs)
• Main ANFs: alkaloids, saponins and tannins
• ↓ feed intake, ↑ water intake

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3) Future work: Develop a commercial preparation of pectinases for poultry

Conclusions

1) PG+PME: Improves lupins for broilers ↑growth, ↑feed conversion efficiency, ↑energy ↓water intake, ↓wet droppings 2) Broiler producers save $35/ tonne: Supplement 20% dehulled lupins with PG+PME Replace imported soybean meal

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Acknowledgements

• Dr. Ian Williams and Prof. Graeme Martin

Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation Australian Egg Corporation Limited Agriculture Western Australia AB Enzymes GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany Wesfeeds Pty Ltd