The potential and challenges of drop in biofuels OH O H H H H - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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the potential and challenges of drop in biofuels
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The potential and challenges of drop in biofuels OH O H H H H - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 14, 2022 318 likes •597 views

The potential and challenges of drop in biofuels OH O H H H H H H - O 2 H H C C C C H OH H H H H H H O OH H OH Petroleum - like biofuel Carbohydrate Hydrocarbon Sergios Karatzos, Jim McMillan and Jack Saddler

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy (FPB/B)

The potential and challenges of “drop in” biofuels

Sergios Karatzos, Jim McMillan and Jack Saddler

International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 39 (liquid biofuels) Carbohydrate Hydrocarbon “Petroleum-like” biofuel

  • O2

H C C C C H H H H H H H H H O OH H H H O H OH H OH H OH

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Commissioned Task 39 ‘drop in’ biofuel report

  • OVERVIEW
  • Definition
  • Role of Hydrogen in drop in biofuels
  • Role of Hydrogen in petroleum industry
  • TECHNOLOGIES
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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Definition of a “drop-in” biofuel

  • Bioethanol: Biogenic ethyl alcohol
  • Biodiesel: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)
  • Drop in Biofuels: Liquid bio-hydrocarbons that are

functionally equivalent to petroleum fuels and as such compatible with existing petroleum infrastructure.

  • Examples:
  • Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO)
  • Hydrotreated Pyrolysis Oils (HPO)
  • Fischer Tropsch Liquids (FT liquids)

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Oxygen Challenge

  • Oxygen is present in biomass in the form of hydroxyls,

esters, and ethers

  • Can oxidize fuel components, reactors and pipeline

metallurgy to cause corrosion

  • Oxygen content reduces energy density

Ethanol Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester)

CH3

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

The Hydrogen-Oxygen dilemma

  • “Drop-in biofuels” is a loose term referring to

liquid biofuels containing low or no oxygen content

  • Deoxygenation requires hydrogen inputs or

“oxidizing/burning” of feedstock carbon

  • High H/Ceff ratio feedstocks such as lipids are well

suited for drop-in biofuel production

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

What will determine the success of “drop in biofuels”?

  • Drop-in biofuel technologies complexity and

hydrogen demand

  • Commercialization challenges such as

capital, yield and refinery insertion

  • Crude oil is becoming increasingly hydrogen

deficient (‘heavier’ and ‘sourer’)

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Purvin & Gertz forecast for world crude oil quality (Source: data from EIA)

Crude oil quality declining…

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1990 2000 2010 2020 Million barrels per day Heavy Sour Light Sour Light Sweet

“Sour” = High Sulfur

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Future competition for Hydrogen inputs…

  • Heavy oil processing

e.g. Venezuela and Alberta

  • Ammonia industry
  • Drop-in biofuels?

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking

  • Hydrotreating (Removes sulfur impurities as H2S)
  • Hydrocracking (breaks heavy oil to lighter molecules)

Heavy crude molecule Diesel range molecule Gasoline range molecule 9

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

US Hydrotreating capacity 1990-2030

5 10 15 20 25 30 1990 1995 2000 2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 million barrels per day

Rapid increase in H2 consumption in US refineries

Source EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2006

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Natural gas: Where H2 comes from

  • 90 % of commercial H2 comes from steam

reforming natural gas

Steam reforming

CO2 CH4 H2 ENERGY INTENSIVE PROCESS!!

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Role of H2 in upgrading petroleum and drop-in biofuels

Petroleum Drop-in Biofuels

  • No Sulfur
  • High Oxygen content of

feedstock needs hydrogenation

 Increasing Sulfur content  Increasing heavy oil

needs cracking Both require Hydrogen for upgrading to finished fuels Hydrogen will likely come from Natural Gas

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Commissioned Task 39 ‘drop in’ biofuel report

  • OVERVIEW
  • Definition
  • Role of Hydrogen in drop in biofuels
  • Role of Hydrogen in petroleum industry
  • TECHNOLOGIES
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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

The commercialization potential of Drop in Biofuel platforms and their H2 dependence

  • Oleochemical (HVO, algae)
  • Thermochemical (Pyrolysis - HPO, Gasification

FT-liquids)

  • Biochemical (Advanced Fermentation)
  • Hybrid platforms (e.g. Virent, Zeachem, Lanzatech)

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

drop-in fuel

Technology pathways to “drop-in”

sugars syngas biooil lipids fermentation catalytic conversion upgrading hydrolysis gasification pyrolysis

  • ilseed crop

Autotrophic algae sugar crop Sun photons, water, CO2 and nutrients Biomass fiber

Hydroprocessing

animal digestion Higher alcohols (e.g. Gevo) Isoprenoids (e.g. Amyris) Blending FT liquids (e.g. CHOREN) HPO (e.g. ENSYN) materials processes

LEGEND

CONVENTIONAL INTERMEDIATES

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Bio Thermo Oleo

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Commercial drop-in biofuel companies

  • All based on oleochemical
  • Neste Oil: 630,000,000 gallons diesel

from palm oil

  • Dynamic Fuels: 75,000,000 gallons diesel

from animal fat

Neste Oil facility, Rotterdam

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Many examples of commercial biofuel flights

  • Virtually all based on oleochemical
  • US Navy: Sept 2011 Solazyme algae oil and palm oil
  • Continental Airlines: Nov 2011 Solazyme algae oil
  • Alaska Airlines: Jan 2012 tallow and algae
  • Lufthansa: July 2011 Jatropha, Camelina
  • Finnair: July 2011 Used Cooking Oils
  • Many more

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy (FPB/B)

CATALYTIC UPGRADING INTER- MEDIATES Hydro treatment 1

Thermochemical drop-in biofuel platforms

Pyrolysis

  • il

Fischer Tropsch Gasification Syngas Biomass

Hydrocracking

HPO FT liquids

Gasoline Diesel Jet Gases

500°C

No O2

900°C

some O2 Hydro treatment 2

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Example of pyrolysis drop in facility: KiOR

  • 13,000,000 gallons per year in Mississippi (in operation)

H2

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Forest BtL Oy and Choren’s Carbo-V

  • 34,000,000 gallons per year of Gasification FT liquids by

2016 (Finland)

Gasification conditioning FT Hydrocracking

H2 H2 CO2

Pretreat.

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Sundrop biofuels 50 MGPY

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy (FPB/B)

OIL REFINERY

  • ver the fence H2

Hydro treatment 1

Pyrolysis

  • il

Fischer Tropsch Gasification Syngas Biomass

Hydrocracking

HPO FT liquids Lipids

Gasoline Diesel Jet Gases

OLEOCHEMICAL

THERMOCHEMICAL Hydro treatment 2

Drop in biofuels leveraging on Oil refineries

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Challenges of hydrocracking biofeed:

The Haldor Topsoe experience

  • Higher Hydrogen consumption
  • requirements more than doubled when just 5% of feed

was replaced with biofeed!

  • Presence of oxygenated gases such as CO and H2O
  • Heterogeneity of feedstock (Catalyst design challenges)

Source: Haldor Topsoe, 2009 22

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Major upscaling challenges for each platform

  • Pyrolysis
  • Hydrogen
  • Hydrotreating catalyst
  • Gasification
  • Capital / scale
  • Feedstock /yields
  • HVO oleochemical
  • Feedstock
  • Refinery insertion challenges

Sources: Jones et al. 2009; Swanson et al. 2010; Pearlson et al. 2011 23

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Biochemical: Sugar fermentation to drop-in

  • Major advantages
  • Pure and “functionalized” product streams suitable for

value added markets

  • Major challenges
  • Volumetric productivity about 10x lower than ethanol
  • Recovery challenges: e.g. recovery from fermentation

broth and intracellular expression

  • Sugar feedstock highly oxidized (H/C = 0)

SUGAR FERMENTATION Target molecule

Modified algae, bacteria or yeast Long alcohols Aliphatic chains 24

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy at UBC

Summary

  • Oleochemical: commercial now and less H2-dependent with

considerable potential for growth (feedstock challenges?)

  • Thermochemical well suited for long term drop-in biofuels
  • H2 and catalyst challenges (Pyrolysis), Scale challenges (Gasification)
  • Leveraging on oil refineries: more challenging than expected
  • Biochemical “drop-in” products more valuable in rapidly

growing chemicals markets

  • Accessing cheap/renewable Hydrogen will be a key

challenge for both drop-in biofuels and crude oil of decreasing quality

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Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy (FPB/B)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 39 colleagues www.Task39.org