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Agronomical dimension of Precision crop farming: how to combine knowledge and technology in the agriculture? agriculture? Thomas Pitrat Geocarta SA www.geocarta.net tp.geocarta@gmail.com 16.06.2016, Braedstrup, Denmark +55 21 9 7957 1482


  1. Agronomical dimension of Precision crop farming: how to combine knowledge and technology in the agriculture? agriculture? Thomas Pitrat Geocarta SA www.geocarta.net tp.geocarta@gmail.com 16.06.2016, Braedstrup, Denmark +55 21 9 7957 1482

  2. Geocarta SA quick facts • Company specialized in geophysical technologies • Company founded in 2001, based in Paris • Operates world wide (Europe, Africa, South America) • Develops and owns geophysical technologies (hard & soft) soft) • Commodity plantation (SOSUCAM, SARIS), large cooperatives (Axereal, Terrena), international seed breeders (Limagrain, Monsanto), best vineyards in the world (Moet & Chandon, Cheval Blanc…) • Ressearch (France: CNRS, INRA / Brazil: EMBRAPA, CTBE) • Civil engineering (public and private actors) • Arqueology (public and private actors)

  3. Summary • What Precision Agriculture is NOT • What Precision Agriculture IS • Soil and Crop sensors • Variable Rate Technologies (VRT) • Variable Rate Technologies (VRT) • Application: Epis-Centre (France) • Application: Sosucam (Cameroon) • Economic study: Epis-Centre (France)

  4. What Precision Agricultre is NOT ? Precision Agriculture is not a technology, it is a strategy to adapt the production process to inter and intra-field variablity, but technology makes it possible

  5. Navigating with precision (autopilot): straight lines, less compactation (planting, spraying, harvesting), tracing design

  6. Number Average lenght Total linear Maneuver time Maneuvers of line of line (m) meters 1 min / maneuver Old Planting 1 728 370 639 360 1 728 29 hours (1,40m) New Planting 676 080 10,5 hours 626 1 080 626 (1,50m) (+5,7%) (-18,5 hours) Tracing design Tracing design

  7. Planting with precision: avoid overlap, regular singulation, deepness consistency

  8. Spraying/Spreading with precision: avoid overlap

  9. Acurate equipment meets acurate geopositioning • Navigating with precision (autopilot): straight lines, less compactation (planting, spraying, harvesting), tracing design • Planting with precision: avoid overlap, regular singulation, deepness consitency • Spraying/Spreading with precision: avoid overlap • Spraying/Spreading with precision: avoid overlap = improvment of conventional production process ++ no site-specific knowledge (purely technical) ++ direct financial return

  10. What Precision Agriculture IS ? • Precision Agriculture is all about dealing with spatial variability of permanent and temporal factors • Precision Agriculture is a site-specific crop • Precision Agriculture is a site-specific crop managment

  11. Inter and intra-field heterogeneity A A A A B B B B The production potential between point A and point B is heterogeneous The challenge of variability

  12. Conventional production Q Q Q Q Recommendation (Nitrogen for exemple) The potential between A and B is variable Lodging… Input losses ($$$) Diseases… Environmental pollution Leaching… Correction needed = « maximized » yields higher cost d d d d No concideration for spatial variation

  13. Reasoned agriculture (?) Q Q Q Q Production losses ($$$) Input Input Input Input losses losses ($$$) ($$$) Limited yields d d d d Variability and environmental pollution partialy taken into account

  14. The right action at the right place Q Q Q Q Yields / Quality Profitability Environment: water, soils… d d d d Precision Agriculture deals with heterogeneity

  15. Basics of Precision Agriculture 1- Determine variability 2- Determine possible actions 3- Implement profitable actions 3- Implement profitable actions REPEAT

  16. Basics of Precision Agriculture

  17. Basics of Precision Agriculture Data Collection Analysis Farming Management Decisions

  18. Natural factors that affect productivity Fertilisation, pH correction Soil preparation or not Microbiology Irrigation/drainage, Adapted variety/density SOIL erosion control to soil type and potential Research on Adapted variety to climat limitation Weather forcast CLIMAT GENETIC (temperature, precipitations) new cultivars Crop rotation Preventive Adapted variety to PEST, DISEASE, WEED actions threat (naturaly, GMO) Agrotoxic (chemical or biological) Integrated managment Companion planting

  19. Soil sensors http://www.atb-potsdam.de/uploads/feupload/Gebbers_SensorsPrecisionAgriculture_ConBAP2014_v04.pdf

  20. Soil sampling…. Scale? Sample density? Definition? Cost?

  21. Geophysic mapping : the first layer Geophysic mapping gives an overall vision of the physical variations of the soil for further managment zone definition and smart sample grid production

  22. How geo-electric mapping works? ARP Sistem (Automatic Resistivity Profiling) Current injection The soil electric resitivity is the capacity of the soil to not let an Ω .m electrical current go through it. electrical current go through it. The ARP sistem mesures the soil resistivity at 3 depths (0-50cm, 0-50 cm 0-100cm e 0-200 cm). 0-100 cm Soil’s electric resitivity varies in function of its characteristics: -Texture: + sandy = +resistive / +clay = -resistive 0-200 cm -Deepness: shallow = +resistive / deep = -resistive -Porosity: +porosity = +resistive - Salinity: +salinity = -resistive => Available Water Content (AWC)

  23. Factors that affect soil potential - 0 ������ ������ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ 50cm ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ������ - 1m Soil - 2m Topography Topography – – Leaching Leaching Infiltration Infiltration – – Erosion Erosion

  24. Evaluating soil potential and lowering operational risks Soil type Homogeneity / Heteregoneity ?

  25. Crop sensors: Multiplicity of commercial products http://www.atb-potsdam.de/uploads/feupload/Gebbers_SensorsPrecisionAgriculture_ConBAP2014_v04.pdf

  26. Sensing strategies : off-line, on-line and on-line with map overlay

  27. Data processing / Recommendation production • Software & Data base • Open source / Proprietary • Who keeps the data? Own / Cloud • Compatibilty Sensor / Software / Equipment • Compatibilty Sensor / Software / Equipment • Big data? Get it slim! Valuable data for valuable recommendation

  28. Variable Rate Technologies (VRT) • Variable rate planting

  29. Variable Rate Technologies (VRT) • Spreading solid material

  30. Variable Rate Technologies (VRT) • Spraying liquid material (0/I or variable)

  31. Variable Rate Technologies (VRT) • Variable rate irrigation

  32. Yield monitor : mapping the profitability

  33. EPIS-CENTRE APPROACH FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE BASED ON PRECISE SOIL KNOWLEDGE 13.000 members 8 million tons of grain 10% of cereals sold in France

  34. Geophysic mapping: topography and resistivity map

  35. La modulation intraparcellaire des intrants 0 - 50 cm 0 - 1 m 0 - 2 m Iso-resistivity zones

  36. TEXTURE DEEPNESS > 80 cm Clay 50 – 80 cm Deep calcareous-clay 30 – 50 cm Medium calcareous-clay < 30 cm Superficial calcareous-clay Superficial calcareous-clay AVAILABLE STONINESS WATER CAPACITY (AWC) > 40 % > 140 mm 25 – 40 % 100 –140 mm 10 – 25 % 60 – 100 mm < 10 % < 60 mm

  37. P2O5 concentration P2O5 g/kg of soil Recommendation > 0,2 200 kg sufcal 25 < 0,1 0kg sufcal 25 0,1 – 0,2 Recommendation Planting density for second nitrogen winter barley fertilization 55 293 seeds/m2 45 277 seeds/m2 35 225 seeds/m2 30

  38. SOSUCAM APPROACH FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE BASED ON PRECISE SOIL KNOWLEDGE ON A 20.000 HA SUGAR CANE PLANTATION € 489 million turnover 7 african countries 361.000 tons of sugar Husbandry, processing, distribution

  39. How to adapt agricultural practices according to soil potential and its sensibility to erosion ? 3 STEPS: 3 STEPS: 1. Soil mapping 2. Land planning through management zone made according to soil variability 3. Adaptation of farming practices for each type of management zone http://www.issct.org/pdf/proceedings/2007/Papers/2007%20Viremouneix,%20ELECTRICAL%20RESI STIVITY%20MEASUREMENTS%20FOR%20FAST%20AND%20PRECISE.pdf (english) http://www.canne-progres.com/publications/pdf/congres/AG118.pdf (french)

  40. Soil map production

  41. Soil map production Soil patterns continues out of the fields… ⇒ Soil sampling reduction ⇒ High resolution maps

  42. Management zone identification 3 steps process Resistivity maps Soil Management characterization zones Smart samples Field observation

  43. Farming practices MANY ELEMENTS Soil Preparation Fertilisation Ripeness Herbicide Herbicide Application Varieties Harvest Erosion Control

  44. Farming practices Harvest schedule made upon Available Water Capacity (AWC), erosion and mud bogging risks Flat oxidized, deep ferralitic soils: -Good medium AWC = Harvest at the beginning of the harvest periode Hydromorphic soils: Hydromorphic soils: -High AWC -High risks of compaction and mud bogging = Harvest in the middle of the harvest periode Steep lateritic and gravelly soils: -Low AWC -High erosion risks -Low compaction risks = Harvest at the end of the harvest periode

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