Acquiring L1-English L2-Spanish code-switching: The role of - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Bryan Koronkiewicz The University of Alabama ________________________ Second Language Research Forum The Ohio State University October 14, 2017 Acquiring L1-English L2-Spanish code-switching: The role of proficiency

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Code-switching u Bilingual phenomenon commonly defined as the fluid alternation between languages during conversation (Poplack, 1980) introduction • Today’s talk focuses on intra-sentential code-switching (CS)

Code-switching u Common findings from CS research: Not bilingual deficiency or language detrition • introduction Rule-governed phenomenon •

u (1) a. Ese hombre ordered a glass of water. introduction b. * Él ordered a glass of water. ‘ That guy ordered a glass of water.’ ‘ He ordered a glass of water.’

Code-switching u Wide body of research concerning the structural constraints on linguistic CS introduction However, the CS of second language (L2) bilinguals in particular has received limited attention Either: • L2 bilinguals are excluded, focusing solely on native bilinguals • L2 bilinguals are lumped together under the umbrella “bilingual” •

u What about the CS of L2 bilinguals? introduction

L2 Code-switching v Why should we be interested in the CS of L2 speakers? As with native bilinguals, L2 CS is not always a linguistic • deficiency background Issues of proficiency and/or language dominance are tied to • CS patterns (Valdés, 1976; Zentella, 1981, 1997; among others) Not known whether these issues are independent of acquisition • Exhibit a “poverty of the stimulus” with regard to CS • (Chomsky, 1980) 8

v “[I]n the context of the second language classroom […] learners receive no evidence, background positive or negative, which could guide them in determining the appropriate code-switching patterns.” (Toribio, 2001, p. 219)

Previous Research v Toribio (2001) Investigation of the Functional Head Constraint (Belazi et al., 1994) • background Ungrammatical stimuli were functional switches like an auxiliary, modal, • negation, etc. Proficiency of the L2 bilingual was key for CS acceptability to align • with the predictions of the framework Advanced learners less likely to accept ungrammatical switches • Beginners relied on translation • 10

Previous Research v Giancaspro (2015) Investigation comparing the Functional Head Constraint to the • Constraint Free approach (MacSwan, 2010, 2015) background Stimuli were auxiliary switches or subject-predicate switches • CS acceptability aligned with the Constraint Free approach; however, • proficiency was not central Advanced, intermediate and beginner L2 bilinguals behaved similarly • Rated ungrammatical switches lower than grammatical switches across the • board 11

v Do L1-English L2-Spanish bilinguals exhibit native-like acceptability judgments regarding background intra-sentential CS? Does proficiency play a role?

Participants w US L1-English L2-Spanish bilinguals ( N = 175) Learned English since birth in a natural context • Learned Spanish later in a school setting ( M = 11.0 years) • Excluded anyone who would be considered trilingual (or more) • Between 18 and 33 years old ( M = 20.0 years) methods • 13

Participants w Subsequently divided into groups based on Spanish proficiency score via the modified DELE (Montrul & Slabakova, 2003) 40-50 (out of 50): L2-Advanced ( N = 17) • 30-39 (out of 50): L2-Intermediate ( N = 67) • 0-29 (out of 50): L2-Low ( N = 91) • methods 14

Task w Written acceptability judgment task (AJT) online via Qualtrics Spanish-English code-switched sentences ( N = 54) • Monolingual blocks of Spanish ( N = 27) and English ( N = 27) • 7-point Likert scale • ‘How acceptable is this sentence?’ / ‘¿Qué le parece esta oración?’ • 1 = ‘Completely unacceptable’ / ‘Completamente inaceptable’ • methods 7 = ‘Completely acceptable’ / Completamente aceptable’ • Preceded by language background questionnaire and training AJT blocks separated by proficiency measures: CS AJT à Spanish Test à Spanish AJT à English Test à English AJT • 15

Code-switched Target Stimuli w Auxiliary stimuli haber / have + V switch ( N = 6) • UNGRAMMATICAL estar / be + V switch ( N = 6) • GRAMMATICAL V (no auxiliary) switch ( N = 6) • CONTROL Pronoun stimuli Weak pronoun switch ( N = 6) • UNGRAMMATICAL methods Strong pronoun switch ( N = 6) • GRAMMATICAL Lexical Determiner Phrase (DP) switch ( N = 6) • CONTROL Half Spanish-to-English, half English-to-Spanish 16

w CODE-SWITCHED AUXILIARY STIMULI (2) a. * Su hermano ha trained at the gym every day. b. Su hermano está training at the gym right now. c. Su hermano trains at the gym regularly. ‘ His brother has trained at the gym every day.’ methods ‘ His brother is training at the gym right now.’ ‘ His brother trains at the gym regularly.’ 17

w CODE-SWITCHED PRONOUN STIMULI (3) a. * He pidió una cerveza . b. Lisa and him pidieron dos copas de vino . c. That guy pidió un vaso de agua . ‘ He ordered a beer .’ methods ‘ Lisa and him ordered two glasses of wine .’ ‘ That guy ordered a glass of water .’ 18

Monolingual Comparison Stimuli w Auxiliary stimuli estar / be + V ( N = 6) • haber / have + V ( N = 6) • V (no auxiliary) ( N = 6) • Pronoun stimuli methods Weak pronoun ( N = 6) • Strong pronoun ( N = 6) • Lexical Determiner (DP) ( N = 6) • Half Spanish only, half English only 19

w MONOLINGUAL COMPARISON STIMULI (4) a. Her brother is training at the gym right now. b. Her brother has trained at the gym every day. c. Her brother trains at the gym regularly. (5) a. He ordered a beer. methods b. Lisa and him ordered two glasses of wine. c. That guy ordered a glass of water. 20

Filler Stimuli w Code-switched stimuli Complex sentence switch ( N = 6) • Subject-predicate switch ( N = 6) • Direct object switch ( N = 6) • Monolingual stimuli methods English and Spanish: Complex sentence switch ( N = 6) • English: That-trace violation / Adjective violation ( N = 6) • Spanish: Negative violation / Adverb violation ( N = 6) • 21

Chart Guide x � Target Stimulus Example 1 � Target Stimulus Example 2 � Control Stimulus Example Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 7 6 6.00 6.00 6.00 Rating 5 5.00 5.00 5.00 4 4.00 4.00 4.00 3 results 2 1 Advanced Intermediate Low � Target Stimulus Example 1 Translation 22 � Target Stimulus Example 2 Translation � Control Stimulus Example Translation

Monolingual English Auxiliary Stimuli His brother ___ at the gym ___ . x � … has trained … every day. � … is training … right now. � … trains … regularly. * have + V be + V V (no auxiliary) 7 6.94 6.92 6.91 6.84 6.79 6.78 6 6.37 6.10 6.03 Rating 5 4 3 results 2 1 Advanced Intermediate Low 23

Monolingual Spanish Auxiliary Stimuli Tus vecinos ___ en ese restaurante ___ . x � … han comido … varias veces. � … están comiendo … ahora mismo. � … comen … todas las semanas. * haber + V estar + V V (no auxiliary) 7 6.92 6.86 6.82 6.63 6 6.38 6.37 Rating 5.54 5 5.41 5.33 4 3 results 2 1 Advanced Intermediate Low Your neighbors ___ in that restaurant ___ . � … have eaten … right now. 24 � … are eating … many times. � … eat … every week.

Code-switched Auxiliary Stimuli Su hermano ___ at the gym ___ . x � … ha trained … every day. � … está training … right now. Proficiency*SentenceType � … trains … regularly. haber / have + V estar / be + V V (no auxiliary) 7 6.51 6 6.20 5.94 Rating 5 4.82 4 4.43 4.27 4.00 3 3.37 3.18 results 2 1 Advanced Intermediate Low His/her/their brother ___ at the gym ___ . � … is training … right now. 25 � … has trained … every day. � … trains … regularly.

Monolingual English Pronoun Stimuli ___ ordered ___ . x � He … a beer. � Lisa and him … two glasses of wine. Proficiency*SentenceType � That guy … a glass of water. * Weak Pronoun Strong Pronoun Lexical DP 7 7.00 6.98 6.99 6.95 6.93 6.80 6 Rating 5 4 3.82 3.75 3 results 2.91 2 1 Advanced Intermediate Low 26

Monolingual Spanish Pronoun Stimuli ___ conoció a ___ . x � Él … nuestra abuela. � Susana y él … nuestro tío. Proficiency*SentenceType � Ese chico … nuestro primo. * Weak Pronoun Strong Pronoun Lexical DP 7 6.90 6.77 6.69 6.73 6 6.41 6.34 Rating 5 4.95 4 4.36 3.57 3 results 2 1 Advanced Intermediate Low ___ met ___ . � He … our grandmother. 27 � Susana and him … our uncle. � That boy … our cousin.

Code-switched Pronoun Stimuli ___ pidió / pidieron ___ . x � He … una cerveza . � Lisa and him … dos copas de vino . � That guy … un vaso de agua . Proficiency*SentenceType Weak Pronoun Lexical DP 7 6 6.34 6.13 5.95 Rating 5 5.43 5.30 4.69 4 3 results 2 1 Advanced Intermediate Low ___ ordered ___ . � He … a beer. 28 � Lisa and him … two glasses of wine. � That guy … a glass of water.