Access to Childcare and Home Care Services Across Europe DATE 19 th - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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access to childcare and home care services across europe
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Access to Childcare and Home Care Services Across Europe DATE 19 th - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Access to Childcare and Home Care Services Across Europe DATE 19 th of September 2019 VENUE ESRI, Whitaker Square, Sir John Rogersons Quay, Dublin 2 AUTHOR Ivan Privalko Bertrand Matre Dorothy Watson Raffaele Grotti www.esri.ie

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Access to Childcare and Home Care Services Across Europe

DATE 19th of September 2019 VENUE ESRI, Whitaker Square, Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, Dublin 2 AUTHOR Ivan Privalko Bertrand Maȋtre Dorothy Watson Raffaele Grotti

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18 September 2019 2

Background

  • Social exclusion “…depends not only on income but also on access to services.” (UN

declaration, 1995); “service exclusion” (Fisher & Bramley, 2007).

  • Poverty and social exclusions connected to barriers to full participation in the labour

market, including presence of

  • Children in need of care; Labour supply effect, 10% increase in CC cost=> ½ hour weekly

reduction maternal work (Russell, 2018).

  • People who need help – physical or mental ill-health conditions; Mixed results in terms
  • f labour market outcomes. Hours in care (+20) reduce likelihood to work(Carmichael

and Charles, 1998). Australian data found no effect (Leigh, 2010).

  • Positive effect on child development, quality of life for recipient & carer, cost to society.
  • We focus on two services throughout
  • Childcare
  • Home care for those needing help
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3 18 September 2019

Research questions

  • What is the distribution of unmet need for care services

across countries?

  • Which vulnerable groups have the least access to care

services?

  • Is there evidence that lack of access to care services leads to

deprivation when other characteristics are controlled?

  • Is there evidence that lack of access to care services inhibits

access to the labour market when other characteristics are controlled?

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4 18 September 2019

Data and analysis

  • Data
  • EU-SILC 2016. Module on access to services
  • 11 countries into 4 welfare regimes
  • Sample definition
  • Childcare: all individuals in households with children aged

12 or younger.

  • Home care: all individuals in households with people who

need help (long-term physical or mental ill-health, infirmity or

because of old age)

  • Implications for causality
  • Cross-sectional data can show us associations, but cannot

establish direction of cause.

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5 18 September 2019

Vulnerable groups

Social risk groups: differences in access to the market because of non-market factors such as

  • Personal resources (disability, illness)
  • Non-work caring responsibilities (parents, esp. mothers

& lone parents)

  • Life-cycle stage (children, those beyond retirement age)
  • 4 groups (lone parents; households with someone with

a disability; working age households; older households)

Social class groups: differences in resources.

  • Discussed in detail in the report, omitted here
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6 18 September 2019

Childcare

(in households with children 12 years old

  • r younger)
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Childcare types

At least 1 hour of childcare per week (more than one type possible) Formal childcare:

  • Childcare at crèche etc.
  • After school centre based care

Childminder:

  • Childcare by a professional child-minder at child-minder's home
  • r at child’s home

Family relative:

  • Childcare by grand-parents, other relatives (not parents), friends
  • r neighbours (unpaid)

None of the above

  • Care provided exclusively by parents in the home.
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8 18 September 2019

Types of childcare used by households with children under 12 (%)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 DK FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern Formal childcare Childminder Family relative None of the others

Exclusively parental care with other family care Mainly formal childcare Mix of various childcare types

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Formal childcare need (%)

34 45 25 68 56 58 68 67 64 74 48 61 42 68 21 38 29 16 11 25 4 35 4 13 7 11 6 14 16 21 11 22 17 DK FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern Don't need Need and have Unmet need Most advantaged group Most disadvantaged group

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10 18 September 2019

Main reason for unmet need (%)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DK FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern Other reason Cannot afford it available but hours not suitable

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11 18 September 2019

Predicting “Unmet need” vs “Met need for care” (odds ratios)

10 20 30 40 50 60 DK FI AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Country: Ref(Sweden)

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Predicting “Unmet need” vs “Met need for care” (odds ratios)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Lone parent Adult with disability Middle social class Lowest social class or never employed Social risk group (Ref: Working age adults) Social class (Ref: High social class)

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Predicting material deprivation (odds ratios; controlling for country differences, not shown)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

No need Unmet need Lone parent Parent with disability Middle social class Lowest social class Number of kids under 12 Youngest child 5+ Childcare need (Ref: Need met) Social risk (Ref: Other adults) Social class (Ref: high soc class) Household

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14 18 September 2019

Predicting mothers’ non-employment (odds ratios; controlling for country differences, not shown)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

No need Unmet need Lone parents Disabled parent Middle social class Lowest social class or never employed Number of children under 12 Youngest child over 5 years old Childcare need (Ref: Met need) Social risk (Ref: Two working age adults) Social class (Ref: High social class) Household

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Professional home care

(in households with someone who needs help)

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Professional home care needs

Focus on households with people who need help due to long-term physical or mental ill-health, infirmity or old age We find 3 groups among those in households containing a member who needs help:

  • Don’t need professional care (Don’t need)
  • Need professional care and have (Need and have)
  • Need professional care and don’t have (Unmet needs)
  • A need of help ≠ the need for professional home care
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17 18 September 2019

Homecare need by country (%)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Corporatist Liberal Southern Don't need formal care Met need for formal care Unmet need for formal care

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18 18 September 2019

Reason for unmet home care need (%)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Corporatist Liberal Southern Cannot afford Refused by those needing care Service unavailable Other reason

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19 18 September 2019

Predicting “Unmet Need for Home Care” Vs “Met Need for Care” (Odd ratios)

  • 1

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

FI AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Lone parents Adults with disability Other adults Medium Social class Low social class Ref: SE Ref: Adults

  • ver 65

Ref: High

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Predicting material deprivation by home care need (Odds ratios; controlling for country differences, not shown)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

No need Unmet need Lone parents Adults with disability Other adults Middle class Lower class Ref: Met need Ref: Adults over 65 Ref: High class

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21 18 September 2019

Predicting employment by home care need (odds ratios; controlling for country differences, not shown)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Female No need Unmet need Lone parent Disability Middle class Lowest class Ref.Mal e Ref: Met need Ref: Working age adult Ref: Highest social class

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Summary (I): Child Care

  • Children most often cared for exclusively by parents/guardians. The

Social Democratic states are an exception, they rely on formal childcare.

  • Very few differences in formal childcare use between risk groups.

Country differences are more important (not shown).

  • Regarding Unmet need for childcare.
  • Ireland, UK, and Spain have the highest odds of reporting unmet

childcare need when other factors are controlled

  • Lone parents and adults with a disability have higher odds of unmet

need when compared to working age adults

  • Unmet need associated with poverty/deprivation risks & maternal

non-employment.

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Summary (II): Home Care

  • The majority of those needing help do not receive formal home

care (not shown).

  • Formal home care mostly provided to respondents over 65 who

need help (not shown)

  • The vast majority of those who need help do not need formal home

care, likely because they receive this care from relatives or family

  • However, a core group of respondents with unmet need for

home care exist.

  • Unmet need is highest in the Southern states and Ireland and

among people under 65.

  • Unmet need for home care is associated with material deprivation

but not non-employment

  • Those with care obligations may combine care and work in all

countries.

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Thank You!