Accelerating the realisation of key interface technologies in transport and energy - the PNDC Professor Graeme Burt graeme.burt@strath.ac.uk
Outline The changing context for power electronic systems for smart cities and green transport Implications for interfaces The PNDC accelerator Examples of innovation and deployment
Institute for Energy and Environment Core disciplines Power System Analysis Power System Simulation Institute Capacity Power System Economics Energy Markets 30 Academic Staff Active Network Management 40 Research Staff Machines & Power Electronics 140 Research Students Control, Protection & Monitoring 18 Tech/Admin Staff Wind Energy Systems Renewables Research portfolio: £40m Dielectric Materials/Pulsed Power HV Technology/UHF Diagnostics Energy System Modelling
Centres of Excellence Scottish & Southern National Grid Power Networks Research Fellowship Framework Demonstration Centre RTDS Technologies ScottishPower Advanced Joint Research Research Centre Collaboration Institute for UK CDT in Rolls-Royce UTC Energy and Wind and Marine Energy in Environment Electrical Power Systems Systems EDF Energy UK CDT in Advanced Diagnostics Future Power Networks Centre and Smart Grids UK CDT in GSE Systems Wind Energy Nuclear Engineering Systems Centre Scottish TIC Energy Technology Low Carbon Power Partnership ROLEST & Energy Programme . Robertson Laboratories for Electronic Sterilisation Tech.
CONTEXT
Future energy mix http://www2.nationalgrid.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=34301
Future energy mix
Future power system
System Operability - Future http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/
System Operability - Future http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/
Key Aerospace Drivers: Environment – Efficiency – Performance Fuel Efficiency Reduced emissions Reduced Crew Workload Goals for Future Aero Elec. Design Noise reduction Greener Aero • Improve power system efficiency • Improve Weight/Volume Optimised Performance • Reduce Total Cost • Enhance Safety Infrastructure Constraints • Improve Thermal Efficiency • Improve Reliability • Improve Maintainability Stakeholders • Increase Functionality • Manufacturers • Cost Effective Rapid Technological • Supply-Chain Insertion • Regulator • Green Systems • Passengers • Government
Market Opportunity Market for aerospace electrical systems growing rapidly with the adoption of more electric technologies on new aircraft programmes. Global market is expected to reach $24 Billion by 2017* and will grow even further under the adoption of novel aircraft designs and power generation. While these relate to the civil market, there is likewise opportunity in the space and defence sectors. * Frost & Sullivan Report, “Aircraft Electrical Power Systems–Charged with Opportunities”,2008. Available: www.frost.com
IMPLICATIONS
Challenges for measurements • Lower system inertia – Frequency is never “nominal” – ROCOF levels are rising • Harmonics • Inter-harmonics • Unbalance, Faults • Inaccessibility, Voltage, Weather • “Loose” standards • How do we calibrate? – Meters (wideband) – Instrumentation – On-site? Off-site? – How do we ensure robust measurement in “real world” conditions? Can we?
27th August 2013
20 minute profile with Arc furnace turn-on
Diurnal cycles of THDv
Weak systems implications • Higher frequency dynamics and voltage/reactive power issues • Potential for maloperation of frequency-based protection • Constraints on renewables • Low fault levels, delayed (or maybe too fast?) converter fault responses? • Emulation of inertia? • Openness of grid codes and standards • Fidelity of measurements • Predictability of behaviour & simulation models
Implications of evolving codes • ENTSO-E – Implementation guideline for network code “ Demand Connection ”, https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upl oad/_library/resources/DCC/131016_- _DCC_implementation_guideline.pdf – HVDC grid codes, https://www.entsoe.eu/major- projects/network-code- development/high-voltage-direct- current/Pages/default.aspx – … • IET – Code of Practice for Low and Extra Low Voltage Direct Current Power Distribution in Buildings
PNDC – SMART GRID ACCELERATOR
Research and Development National Research Councils Universities SME’s Laboratories Feasibility, Testing, Validation and Demonstration PNDC Technology Deployment Utilities Vendors Suppliers
PNDC Core Research Themes Members determine the core Asset Protection & research projects across the Control Management themes Each theme has Power PNDC Sensors & - Academic Lead Electronics Research Measurement - PNDC Research Lead Themes & DER - Industrial Member Representatives Network & Communications Demand Side Management
PNDC - Unique Testing Capabilities LV Network Real Time Simulation HV Network (11kV) Hardware in the Loop LV Fed from HV Network Simulation Three underground feeders for 3-50µs simulation time-step a total equivalent length of 6km. Transformers ~ 50 to 315 kVA … up to 96 3 phase busses Mock impedances Load banks ~ Accurate frequency response One overhead feeder for a total ~ 0.6 km 600 kVA (total) up 3kHz equivalent length of 60km Industry Standard Control Systems Apply 11kV/400V PowerOn Fusion monitoring control and switching management resistive transformers line and from 500kVA earth faults. to 25kVA Pole mounted auto reclosers Series voltage regulator Power Supply Off Grid : 5MVA Generator On Grid : 11kV Connection to Primary Substation 11/11kV Isolation Transformer
The 11kV Network The PNDC has an 11kV network composed of overhead lines and underground cables with mock impedances used to provide a representation of typical overhead lines and cable lengths which cannot be achieved within the network compound. The overhead line can be configured as a radial feeder with an equivalent length of 60km which permits to demonstrate a number of voltage issue, e.g. due to unbalance load and distributed generation, and to test and demonstrate solutions. Technical details Three underground feeders for a total equivalent length of 6km. One overhead feeder for a total equivalent length of 60km. A range of 11kV/400V transformers from 500kVA to 25kVA. Pole mounted auto reclosers. Series voltage regulator. Capability to apply resistive line and earth faults.
The LV Network PNDC LV network is powered by its HV circuit via 11/0.4 kV step- down transformers. Cables with mock impedances represent an urban distribution network with long feeder lengths. Single and three phase load banks simulate load profiles required during tests. Indoor test bays are available to connect equipment (e.g. EV chargers) while outdoor LV pillars are used to change network topology, isolate parts of the network (e.g. to test generators) or as connection points for equipment placed on (bunded) test bays in the network compound. DAQ points allow remote monitoring and control . Technical details Transformers ~ 50 to 315 kVA Mock impedances ~ 0.6 km Load banks ~ 600 kVA (total)
SCADA/DMS The PNDC’s 11kV network is remotely controlled. Within the PNDC control room the GE PowerOn Fusion system is installed to monitor and control the 11kV network’s modern remote switchable Ring Main Units, Extensible Switch gear and Circuit breakers. Each device on the network (switches, autoreclosers etc.) is connected to the SCADA/DMS system allowing the full vision of the network’s configuration and status, current flows and voltage level.
Real-Time Digital Simulation The PNDC has a real-time digital simulation capability based on an RTDS platform which can be operated in two distinct but complementary modes: Controller hardware in the loop: Control and protection devices can be tested in real-time under realistic grid operating conditions simulated in the RTDS. The interface between the device under test and the RTDS is achieved through a number of I/O cards. Power hardware in the loop (work in progress): The physical 11kV network can be extended in simulation through the motor generator set, which acts as an interface. As such, the impact of large grid disturbances and HVDC on Technical details distribution networks and microgrids can be tested in a low-risk environment. 3-50µs typical simulation time- step with up to 96 three phase busses simulation capability. Rich library of primary and secondary system components. AC and DC systems simulation. Communications based I/O including IEC 61850 and DNP3. Accurate frequency response up 3kHz enabling high fidelity replication of phenomena such as harmonic distortions.
PNDC – EXAMPLE PROJECTS
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