A New Scale for Measuring Tolerance Kelsey Jo Starr Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A New Scale for Measuring Tolerance

Kelsey Jo Starr

Research Analyst

July 11, 2019

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About Pew Research Center

• Independent, nonprofit “fact tank” that informs the public about the issues,

attitudes and trends shaping the world.

• Conducts
• public opinion polling,
• demographic research,
• content analysis,
• ther data-driven social science research.
• Committed to meeting the highest methodological standards — and to exploring

the newest frontiers of research.

• Generates a foundation of facts that enriches the public dialogue and supports

sound decision-making.

• Does not take policy positions.
• Primarily funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts, named after the Pew family.
• All information and data is publicly available, for free.

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About the survey

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Topics included in the survey

• Religious

ligious identit ntity, , practi tices ces and belie iefs fs

• Beliefs about God
• Levels of religiosity
• Attitudes

titudes towar ard d spiri rituality tuality and nd religion ligion

• Religion

ligion and govern ernment nt

• Polit

litics ics

• Social

ial issue ues

• Nationalism

ionalism and nation ional al identity ntity

• Views

ws of immigration migration and immig migrants rants

• Vi

Views ws of religiou igious s minor noriti ities es

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Topics included in the survey

• Religious

ligious identit ntity, , practi tices ces and belie iefs fs

• Beliefs about God
• Levels of religiosity
• Attitudes

titudes towar ard d spiri rituality tuality and nd religion ligion

• Religion

ligion and govern ernment nt

• Polit

litics ics

• Social

ial issue ues

• Nationalism

ionalism and nation ional al identity ntity

• Views

ws of immigration migration and immig migrants rants

• Vi

Views ws of religiou igious s minor noriti ities es

• 1. How proud are you to be [NATIONALITY]? Very proud, somewhat proud, not very

proud or not proud at all?

• 2. Some people say that the following things are important for being truly

[NATIONALITY]. Others say that they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? [INSERT] – is that very important, somewhat important, not very important or not at all important for being truly [NATIONALITY]? a. To have been born in [COUNTRY] b. To be able to speak [NATIONAL/DOMINANT LANGUAGE] c. To be a Christian d. To respect the country’s institutions and laws e. To have [NATIONALITY] family background

• 3. Please tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or

completely disagree with the following statement: “Our people are not perfect, but our culture is superior to others.”

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What was asked about NATIONALISM and NATIONAL IDENTITY?

• 1. Do you think the number of immigrants to [COUNTRY] nowadays should

be increased, remain the same as it is or be reduced?

• 2. In general, would you say [INSERT] in [COUNTRY] are hardworking, or

not? a. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, such as those from Poland, b. Immigrants from the Middle East, such as those from Syria, c. Immigrants from Africa, such as those from Nigeria,

• 3. In general, would you say [INSERT] in [COUNTRY] are honest, or not?

a. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, such as those from Poland, b. Immigrants from the Middle East, such as those from Syria, c. Immigrants from Africa, such as those from Nigeria,

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What was asked about IMMIGRATION?

1. Would you be willing to accept Jews/ Muslims as members of your family/ neighbors? 2. Please tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statements. a. In their hearts, Muslims want to impose their religious law on everyone else in [COUNTRY]. b. Due to the number of Muslims here, I feel like a stranger in my own country. c. Jews always overstate how much they have suffered. d. Jews always pursue their own interests and not the interest of the country they live in. 3. Which religion or religions, in particular, have teachings that promote violence? 4. In your opinion, how many Muslims in [COUNTRY] support violent extremist groups: would you say most, many, just some or very few? 5. Please tell me which of the following statements comes closer to your own views – even if it does not precisely match your opinion. a. Muslim women who live in [COUNTRY] SHOULD be allowed to wear any religious clothing of their choosing b. Muslim women who live in [COUNTRY] SHOULD be allowed to wear religious clothing, as long as it does not cover their face c. Muslim women who live in [COUNTRY] SHOULD D NOT be allowed to wear any religious clothing 6. Please tell me whether the FIRST statement or the SECOND statement comes closer to your own views – even if it does not precisely match your opinion. a. Islam is fundamentally incompatible with [NATIONALITY] culture and values. b. There is no fundamental contradiction between Islam and [NATIONALITY] culture and values.

What was asked about RELIGIOUS MINORITIES?

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Creating the NIM scale

• Dichotomized
• mized each quest

stion ion

• 1 = Nationalist, anti-Immigrant, or anti-religious Minority

view (NIM scale)

• 0 = Other responses
• Det

etermined ermined which quest stions ions to keep p in the NIM scale le by:

• Conducting factor analyses of each of the 3 NIM

components

• Calculating Cronbach’s alphas (both with each of the 3

NIM components and the full NIM scale)

• Reviewing toplines and considering analytic goals

• 1. How proud are you to be [NATIONALITY]? Very proud, somewhat proud, not very

proud or not proud at all?

• 2. Some people say that the following things are important for being truly

[NATIONALITY]. Others say that they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? [INSERT] – is that very important, somewhat important, not very important or not at all important for being truly [NATIONALITY]? a. To have been born in [COUNTRY] b. To be able to speak [NATIONAL/DOMINANT LANGUAGE] c. To be a Christian d. To respect the country’s institutions and laws e. To have [NATIONALITY] family background

• 3. Please tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or

completely disagree with the following statement: “Our people are not perfect, but our culture is superior to others.”

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What was kept on NATIONALISM and NATIONAL IDENTITY?

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Checking and reweighting

• 22 ques

questio tions ns into a 10-poin

• int

t scale

• National

ionalism ism – 3 que question stions s (1. 1.11 points ts each h on a 10-poin

• int

t scale) e)

• Immi

migr grat ation ion – 7 que question stions s (0.48 48 points ts each on a 10-poin

• int

t scale) ale)

• Religious

gious Minorit itie ies s – 12 que question stions s (0.28 28 points ts each on a 10-poin

• int

t scale) e) Cronbach’s Alpha Ordinal Coefficient Alpha Nationalism 0.61 0.72 Immigration 0.84 0.94 Religious Minorities 0.80 0.92 Full NIM Scale 0.88 0.95

Share in each country who score higher than 5 on the 10-point index

38% 29 25 25 25 25 23 22 20 19 19 18 17 16 8

Italy Austria Denmark Germany Ireland Switzerland Finland United Kingdom Belgium France Norway Portugal Spain Netherlands Sweden

Self-identified Christians more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to score above 5

Across 15 countries surveyed, median % who score above 5 on the 10-point NIM

22% 26 24 14

General population Church-attending Christians Non-practicing Christians Religiously unaffiliated

Factors associated with scoring above 5 on the 10-point NIM

+35% pts. +15 +15 +7 +6 +4

• 2
• 5
• 7
• 7
• 15
• 19

Right-wing political ideology (vs. left) Church-attending Christian (vs. unaffiliated) Non-practicing Christian (vs. unaffiliated) Male All friends belong to same religion as respondent Know a great deal/some about Islam Young (ages 18 to 34) Personal economic situation good Know a Jewish person Satisfied with country's direction College educated (vs. less education) Know a Muslim

Factors associated with scoring above 5 on the 10-point NIM

+35% pts. +15 +15 +7 +6 +4

• 2
• 5
• 7
• 7
• 15
• 19

Right-wing political ideology (vs. left) Church-attending Christian (vs. unaffiliated) Non-practicing Christian (vs. unaffiliated) Male All friends belong to same religion as respondent Know a great deal/some about Islam Young (ages 18 to 34) Personal economic situation good Know a Jewish person Satisfied with country's direction College educated (vs. less education) Know a Muslim

Factors associated with scoring above 5 on the 10-point NIM

+35% pts. +15 +15 +7 +6 +4

• 2
• 5
• 7
• 7
• 15
• 19

Right-wing political ideology (vs. left) Church-attending Christian (vs. unaffiliated) Non-practicing Christian (vs. unaffiliated) Male All friends belong to same religion as respondent Know a great deal/some about Islam Young (ages 18 to 34) Personal economic situation good Know a Jewish person Satisfied with country's direction College educated (vs. less education) Know a Muslim

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Additional Checks Run

• Multi

ticolli

• llinearity

earity

• Altern

ernati ative regressi gressions ns

• OLS (binary of weighted NIM scale, weighted 10-point

NIM scale, and unweighted 22-point NIM scale)

• Poisson regression (binary of weighted NIM scale,

weighted 10-point NIM scale, and unweighted 22-point NIM scale)

• Ordered logistic regression for three variations of the

weighted 10-point NIM scale: high, medium, and low NIM scores set at the 25-25-50 percentiles, 25-50-25 percentiles, and 33-33-33 percentiles

• Nested modeling accounting for country differences

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Conclusions

• Enable

bled us to draw conclusi usions ns about ut a holist istic ic concept pt with h great ater er certai tainty nty

• Religious affiliation is more pertinent to these issues

than is rate of religious practice

• Views of personal financial situation plays less of a role

in nationalist, anti-immigrant and anti-religious minority views than common discourse would suggest

• Future

ure resear earch ch would ld need to look k at direction ection of causality ality

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kstarr@pewresearch.org @IAmStarrStuff www.pewresearch.org

NATIONAL IONALISM SM

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58% 50 49 47 47 47 46 45 44 42 36 31 26 23 20 38% 48 46 49 49 48 52 51 51 53 61 67 69 75 75

Norway Switzerland Finland Austria Italy Portugal United Kingdom Germany Denmark Ireland France Netherlands Sweden Belgium Spain

In many countries, people are split over whether their culture is superior to others % who disagree/agree, “Our people are not perfect but our culture is superior to others” Disagree Agree

Most people see respecting the country’s institutions and laws and speaking national language as important to national identity

% Across 15 countries, median % who say ___ is important to truly be a national of their country 94% 87 53 51 34

To respect country's institutions and laws To be able to speak the national language To have family background in the country To have been born in the country To be a Christian

Nativist views of national identity

% who say being born in the country/having ancestry in the country is important to truly be a national of the country

Important to be born in the country Important to have family background in the country

81% 68 66 59 58 57 53 51 51 49 48 48 41 41 36 22 Portugal Italy Spain Ireland Switzerland United Kingdom Austria Finland Belgium France Germany Netherlands Norway Denmark Sweden 80% 75 64 61 59 58 57 53 53 51 49 42 40 38 35 21 Portugal Italy Ireland Switzerland Spain United Kingdom Austria France Finland Germany Belgium Norway Netherlands Denmark Sweden

94% 93 92 88 86 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 81 79 78 4% 4 5 10 12 14 13 9 12 10 14 14 14 15 21

Finland Portugal Norway Denmark United Kingdom Austria France Ireland Netherlands Sweden Italy Switzerland Belgium Spain Germany Across Western Europe, people are proud of their nationality % who say they are not proud/proud to be [NATIONALITY]

Not Proud Proud

ATTITUD ITUDES S TOWARD RD IMMIGR GRATION TION

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In most countries, public opinion leans toward keeping immigration levels steady

% who say the number of immigrants coming into their country should be …

8% 7 10 6 9 12 15 21 17 13 16 11 5 9 13 58% 57 53 52 51 50 47 43 42 40 40 39 36 36 32 31% 32 30 39 38 35 31 30 29 42 39 45 52 48 39

Switzerland UK France Austria Germany Finland Ireland Norway Portugal Netherlands Sweden Denmark Italy Belgium Spain Increased Remain the same Reduced

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ATTITUD ITUDES S TOWARD RD RELIGIOUS IOUS MINOR ORITIE ITIES

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Substantial minorities in some countries unwilling to accept Jews in their family

NOT willing Don’t know if willing

25% 21 19 18 23 17 18 17 13 13 8 6 5 3 3 18% 14 12 12 7 11 9 7 8 5 4 43% 43% 35 35 31 31 30 30 31 31 28 28 27 27 24 24 21 21 18 18 11 11 8 8 5 4 Italy Austria Germany Ireland United Kingdom Switzerland Portugal France Spain Finland Belgium Denmark Sweden Norway Netherlands

Substantial minorities in some countries unwilling to accept Jews as neighbors

NOT willing Don’t know if willing

12% 10 8 10 8 8 8 9 7 5 4 2 2 1 1 11% 8 7 5 6 6 4 3 3 23% 23% 18 18 15 15 15 15 31 31 14 14 13 13 12 12 10 10 7 11 11 4 2 1 1 Italy Ireland Austria Portugal Germany Switzerland Spain United Kingdom France Finland Belgium Sweden Denmark Netherlands Norway

Substantial minorities say they would be unwilling to accept Muslims in their family

43% 36 34 33 31 30 28 24 20 18 16 14 16 13 9 24 14% 11 12 12 12 10 6 10 10 8 6 6 3 5 3 10 57% 47 47 46 46 45 45 43 43 40 40 34 34 34 34 30 30 26 26 23 23 20 20 19 19 18 18 12 12 34 34

Italy United Kingdom Austria Germany Switzerland Ireland Finland France Portugal Spain Belgium Sweden Denmark Norway Netherlands MEDIAN

NOT willing Don’t know if willing

Substantial minorities in some countries unwilling to accept Muslims as neighbors

NOT willing Don’t know if willing

21% 14 13 13 13 16 14 11 11 11 8 7 8 6 3 14% 11 10 10 10 5 3 6 4 3 35% 35% 25 25 24 24 23 23 31 31 22 22 17 17 17 17 15 15 14 14 11 11 9 9 8 4 Italy Ireland Switzerland Austria Germany United Kingdom Finland Portugal France Spain Sweden Belgium Denmark Norway Netherlands

56% 49 58 60 58 62 61 66 70 67 73 75 73 65 69

41% 40 37 35 35 34 31 30 27 27 25 24 23 23 23

Belgium Spain Denmark Italy Norway Netherlands Finland Austria Germany Ireland Switzerland UK France Portugal Sweden

Most disagree: “In their hearts, Muslims want to impose their religious law on everyone else in [COUNTRY]” Disagree Agree

62% 65 74 73 70 76 76 76 78 75 77 80 79 83 89

37% 32 25 25 24 23 23 23 21 21 20 18 14 14 8

Belgium Italy Austria Germany Spain Netherlands Switzerland UK Denmark Ireland France Norway Portugal Sweden Finland Most disagree: “Due to the number of Muslims here, I feel like a stranger in my own country”

Disagree Agree

55% 43 42 59 73 67 68 75 66 77 70 76 81 77 75

36% 33 30 28 22 22 21 21 19 18 17 17 16 15 11 Italy Portugal Spain Belgium Austria Ireland Norway Switzerland Finland Germany Denmark France UK Netherlands Sweden

Vast majorities disagree: “Jews always overstate how much they have suffered”

Disagree Agree

36% 34 59 55 55 72 72 60 67 73 76 64 80 73 66

36% 32 31 28 25 24 22 21 21 19 19 18 16 14 13 Portugal Spain Italy Belgium Norway Switzerland Austria Finland Ireland France Germany Denmark UK Netherlands Sweden

Vast majorities disagree: “Jews always pursue their own interests and not the interests of the country they live in” Disagree Agree

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Most people favor at least some restrictions on Muslim women’s religious clothing

% who favor

28% 14 23 24 30 24 22 19 19 22 24 22 14 16 12 51% 65 56 52 46 50 50 53 52 43 38 39 39 32 32

78% 78% 80 80 79 79 76 76 76 76 73 73 72 72 71 71 71 71 65 65 62 62 61 61 53 53 48 48 44 44

Belgium Netherlands Switzerland Austria Italy Germany France Norway United Kingdom Ireland Spain Denmark Finland Sweden Portugal

No religious clothing Restrictions on clothing that covers the face

34% 34 42 40 43 44 44 31 42 41 40 37 48 53 62 52% 48 48 47 47 46 46 46 46 45 45 44 42 33 29 France Sweden Switzerland Belgium Denmark Germany Netherlands Portugal UK Ireland Norway Spain Austria Italy Finland

Region divided over whether Islam is compatible with national culture/values

Islam is fundamentally incompatible with country culture and values There is no fundamental contradiction between Islam and national culture/values

Variable able Resul ulting ting Alpha a if Variable able Dropped ed Resul ulting ting Alpha a if Variable able Dropped ed Proud to be [NATIONALITY] 0.61 Agree that “Our people are not perfect, but our culture is superior to others” 0.60 0.74 Important to … have been born in [COUNTRY] … to be truly [NATIONALITY] 0.54 0.35 … be able to speak [NATIONAL/ DOMINANT LANGUAGE] … 0.62 … be a Christian … 0.55 … respect the country’s institutions and laws … 0.64 … have [NATIONALITY] family background … 0.54 0.35 Scale’s Cronbach’s Alpha 0.63 0.61

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Cronbach’s Alpha: NATIONALISM and NATIONAL IDENTITY

Vari riable ble Resul ulting ting Alpha a if Vari riable ble Dropped ed The number of immigrants to [COUNTRY] should be reduced 0.85 Immigrants from Eastern Europe are not hardworking 0.83 Immigrants from the Middle East are not hardworking 0.82 Immigrants from Africa are not hardworking 0.82 Immigrants from Eastern Europe are not honest 0.82 Immigrants from the Middle East are not honest 0.81 Immigrants from Africa are not honest 0.81 Scale’s Cronbach’s Alpha 0.84

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Cronbach’s Alpha: IMMIGRATION

Variable Resulting ulting Alpha if Variable Droppe pped Not willing to accept Muslims as neighbors* 0.78 Not willing to accept Muslims as family members* 0.78 Not willing to accept Jews as neighbors* 0.79 Not willing to accept Jews as family members* 0.79 Agree that “In their hearts, Muslims want to impose their religious law on everyone else in [COUNTRY].” 0.78 Agree that “Due to the number of Muslims here, I feel like a stranger in my own country.” 0.78 Agree that “Jews always overstate how much they have suffered.” 0.79 Agree that “Jews always pursue their own interests and not the interest of the country they live in.” 0.79 Islam has teachings that promote violence. 0.80 All/most/many Muslims in [COUNTRY] support violent extremist groups 0.80 Muslim women who live in [COUNTRY] should not be allowed to wear any religious clothing 0.79 Islam is fundamentally incompatible with the country’s culture and values 0.80 Scale’s Cronbach’s Alpha 0.80

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Cronbach’s Alpha: RELIGIOUS MINORITIES

Variable Alpha if Droppe pped Important to … have been born in [Country] … to be truly [Nationality] 0.88 … have [Nationality] family background … 0.88 “… Our culture is superior” 0.88 # of immigrants … should be reduced 0.87

• E. Europe not hardworking

0.87 Middle East not hardworking 0.87 Africa not hardworking 0.87

• E. Europe not honest

0.87 Middle East not honest 0.87 Africa not honest 0.87 Not willing to have Muslim neighbors 0.87 Not willing to have Muslim family 0.87 Not willing to have Jewish neighbors 0.87 Not willing to have Jewish family 0.87

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Cronbach’s Alpha: COMBINED SCALE

Variable Alpha if Droppe pped “… Muslims want to impose their religious law on everyone else ...” 0.87 “Due to the # of Muslims here, I feel like a stranger in my own country.” 0.87 “Jews always overstate how much they have suffered.” 0.88 “Jews always pursue their own interests and not the interest of the country they live in.” 0.87 Islam teachings promote violence. 0.88 Muslims support violent extremists 0.88 Muslim women in [Country] shouldn’t wear any religious clothing 0.87 Islam is fundamentally incompatible with our culture and values 0.87 Scale’s Cronbach’s Alpha 0.88

Christians more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to score above 5 on the 10-point NIM

Churchgoing Christians Non-practicing Christians Religiously unaffiliated

49% 42 41 38 34 29 27 26 26 26 26 22 21 17 16 8

Italy Austria Germany Ireland Switzerland France UK Belgium Denmark Finland Spain Portugal Nethrlnds. Norway Sweden

38% 31 27 26 25 25 24 24 24 24 23 23 21 21 19 10

Italy Denmark Switzerland Austria Finland Norway Belgium Germany UK France Spain Ireland Nethrlnds. Portugal Sweden

18% 17 16 16 15 14 14 14 14 13 12 11 11 10 7 7

Germany Austria Italy Norway UK Belgium Denmark Finland Switzerland Nethrlnds. Ireland Portugal France Spain Sweden