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A micromorphological approach to variable affix order Gregory Stump University of Kentucky gstump@uky.edu [ 2 nd American International Morphology Meeting, UCSD, Nov. 8 10, 2013 ] Slides: http://linguistics.as.uky.edu/gstump/recent

  1. Noon adjectival inflections Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  2. Noon adjectival inflections Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  3. Noon adjectival inflections Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  4. The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Definite Noun Indefinite class Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 wiyak wiyakwii wiyakwum wiyakwaa 2 fiyak fiyakfii fiyakfum fiyakfaa 3 miyak miyakmii miyakmum miyakmaa 4 kiyak kiyakkii kiyakkum kiyakkaa 5 piyak piyakpii piyakpum piyakpaa 6 jiyak jiyakjii jiyakjum jiyakjaa pl 1–3 ciyak ciyakcii ciyakcum ciyakcaa 4–6 tiyak tiyaktii tiyaktum tiyaktaa Animate sg yiyak yiyakyii yiyakyum yiyakyaa pl ɓ iyak ɓ iyak ɓ ii ɓ iyak ɓ um ɓ iyak ɓ aa Diminutive sg jiyak jiyakjii jiyakjum jiyakjaa pl tiyak tiyaktii tiyaktum tiyaktaa

  5. Definite Location 2 Noun class wiyakwum Non ‐ Inanimate sg 1 diminutive fiyakfum 2 miyakmum 3 kiyakkum 4 piyakpum 5 jiyakjum 6 ciyakcum pl 1–3 tiyaktum 4–6 yiyakyum Animate sg ɓ iyak ɓ um pl jiyakjum Diminutive sg tiyaktum pl

  6. Definite Location 2 Noun class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 w ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ w ‐ um Non ‐ Inanimate sg 1 diminutive f ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ f ‐ um 2 m ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ m ‐ um 3 k ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ k ‐ um 4 p ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ p ‐ um 5 j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um 6 c ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ c ‐ um pl 1–3 t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um 4–6 y ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ y ‐ um Animate sg ɓ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ɓ ‐ um pl j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um Diminutive sg t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um pl

  7. Definite Location 2 Noun class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 w ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ w ‐ um Non ‐ Inanimate sg 1 diminutive f ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ f ‐ um 2 m ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ m ‐ um 3 k ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ k ‐ um 4 p ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ p ‐ um 5 j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um 6 c ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ c ‐ um pl 1–3 t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um 4–6 y ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ y ‐ um Animate sg ɓ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ɓ ‐ um pl j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um Diminutive sg t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um pl

  8. Definite Location 2 Noun class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 w ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ w ‐ um Non ‐ Inanimate sg 1 diminutive f ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ f ‐ um 2 m ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ m ‐ um 3 k ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ k ‐ um 4 p ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ p ‐ um 5 j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um 6 c ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ c ‐ um pl 1–3 t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um 4–6 y ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ y ‐ um Animate sg ɓ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ɓ ‐ um pl j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um Diminutive sg t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um pl

  9. Definite Location 2 Noun class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 w ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ w ‐ um Non ‐ Inanimate sg 1 diminutive f ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ f ‐ um 2 m ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ m ‐ um 3 k ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ k ‐ um 4 p ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ p ‐ um 5 j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um 6 c ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ c ‐ um pl 1–3 t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um 4–6 y ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ y ‐ um Animate sg ɓ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ɓ ‐ um pl j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um Diminutive sg t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um pl

  10. Noun Prefixal Definite concord Stem suffix class w ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ w ‐ um Non ‐ Inanimate sg 1 diminutive f ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ f ‐ um 2 m ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ m ‐ um 3 k ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ k ‐ um 4 p ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ p ‐ um 5 j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um 6 c ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ c ‐ um pl 1–3 t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um 4–6 y ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ y ‐ um Animate sg ɓ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ɓ‐ um pl j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um Diminutive sg t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um pl

  11. Noun Prefixal Definite concord Stem suffix class w ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ w ‐ um Non ‐ Inanimate sg 1 diminutive f ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ f ‐ um 2 m ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ m ‐ um 3 k ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ k ‐ um 4 p ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ p ‐ um 5 j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um 6 c ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ c ‐ um pl 1–3 t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um 4–6 y ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ y ‐ um Animate sg ɓ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ɓ‐ um pl j ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ j ‐ um Diminutive sg t ‐ i ‐ yak ‐ t ‐ um pl

  12. Noon adjectival inflections Definite suffixes Noun Prefixal class concords Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ i ‐ ‐ w ‐ ii ‐ w ‐ um ‐ w ‐ aa 2 f ‐ i ‐ ‐ f ‐ ii ‐ f ‐ um ‐ f ‐ aa 3 m ‐ i ‐ ‐ m ‐ ii ‐ m ‐ um ‐ m ‐ aa 4 k ‐ i ‐ ‐ k ‐ ii ‐ k ‐ um ‐ k ‐ aa 5 p ‐ i ‐ ‐ p ‐ ii ‐ p ‐ um ‐ p ‐ aa 6 j ‐ i ‐ ‐ j ‐ ii ‐ j ‐ um ‐ j ‐ aa pl 1–3 c ‐ i ‐ ‐ c ‐ ii ‐ c ‐ um ‐ c ‐ aa 4–6 t ‐ i ‐ ‐ t ‐ ii ‐ t ‐ um ‐ t ‐ aa Animate sg y ‐ i ‐ ‐ y ‐ ii ‐ y ‐ um ‐ y ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ i ‐ ‐ɓ‐ ii ‐ɓ‐ um ‐ɓ‐ aa Diminutive sg j ‐ i ‐ ‐ j ‐ ii ‐ j ‐ um ‐ j ‐ aa pl t ‐ i ‐ ‐ t ‐ ii ‐ t ‐ um ‐ t ‐ aa

  13. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  14. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative : i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  15. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative : i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  16. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative : i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  17. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐

  18. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives : pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐ Definite suffixes

  19. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives : pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐ Definite suffixes

  20. Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Prefixal Noun Class concord class marker Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w ‐ 2 f ‐ Prefixal formative: i ‐ 3 m ‐ 4 k ‐ 5 p ‐ 6 j ‐ Suffixal formatives : pl 1–3 c ‐ Location 1 ‐ ii 4–6 t ‐ Location 2 ‐ um Animate sg y ‐ Location 3 ‐ aa pl ɓ‐ Diminutive sg j ‐ pl t ‐ Definite suffixes

  21. Realization rule anatomy X, C, τ → f (X) X variable over stems C category of stems τ morphosyntactic property set f operation on stems

  22. Realization rule anatomy X, C, τ → f (X) X variable over stems C category of stems τ morphosyntactic property set f operation on stems

  23. Realization rule anatomy X, C, τ → f (X) Gloss: Where  Z, σ  is the pairing of a stem Z with a morphosyntactic property set σ such that Z  C and τ  σ ,  Z, σ  is realized as  f (Z), σ  .

  24. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  25. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} Noun ‐ class → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} prefixes → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  26. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} Prefixal → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} formative → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  27. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} Suffixal → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} formatives → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  28. Conflation of realization rules Given the realization rules (a) and (b), conflate ((a),(b)) is the rule (c). (a) X, C, σ → f (y, X) (b) X, D, τ → g (z, X) X, C  D, σ τ → f ( g (z, y), X) (c)

  29. Conflation of realization rules Given the realization rules (a) and (b), conflate ((a),(b)) is the rule (c). (a) X, , σ → f (y, X) (b) X, , τ → g (z, X) X,  τ → f ( g (z, y), X) (c) , σ

  30. Conflation of realization rules Given the realization rules (a) and (b), conflate ((a),(b)) is the rule (c). (a) X, C, → f (y, X) (b) X, D, → g (z, X) X, C  D, → f ( g (z, y), X) (c)

  31. Conflation of realization rules Given the realization rules (a) and (b), conflate ((a),(b)) is the rule (c). (a) X, C, σ → f ( , X) (b) X, D, τ → ( , X) X, C  D, σ τ → f ( ( , ), X) (c)

  32. Conflation of realization rules Given the realization rules (a) and (b), conflate ((a),(b)) is the rule (c). (a) X, C, σ → (y, X) (b) X, D, τ → g (z, X) X, C  D, σ τ → ( g (z, y), X) (c)

  33. Conflation of realization rules Where x ‐ pref and x ‐ suff are realization rules that prefix x and suffix x (respectively), conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ suff conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ suff

  34. Conflation of realization rules Where x ‐ pref and x ‐ suff are realization rules that prefix x and suffix x (respectively), conflate ( a ‐ pref , b ‐ pref ) = ba ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ suff conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ suff

  35. Conflation of realization rules Where x ‐ pref and x ‐ suff are realization rules that prefix x and suffix x (respectively), conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ pref conflate ( a ‐ pref , b ‐ suff ) = ab ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ suff conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ suff

  36. Conflation of realization rules Where x ‐ pref and x ‐ suff are realization rules that prefix x and suffix x (respectively), conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ pref conflate ( a ‐ suff , b ‐ pref ) = ba ‐ suff conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ suff

  37. Conflation of realization rules Where x ‐ pref and x ‐ suff are realization rules that prefix x and suffix x (respectively), conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ pref, b ‐ suff) = ab ‐ pref conflate (a ‐ suff, b ‐ pref) = ba ‐ suff conflate ( a ‐ suff , b ‐ suff ) = ab ‐ suff

  38. Rule competition The rule conflate ( a , b ) occupies the same rule block as rule a , and its application overrides that of rule a .

  39. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  40. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Noon prefixal concords → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} Where r is a rule of noun ‐ class prefixation (Block 1) → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) and m is the prefixal formative rule (Block 2), h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) conflate (m, r) belongs to Block 2. → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  41. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} conflate (m, a) g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  42. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} conflate ( m , a) g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  43. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} conflate ( m , a ) g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  44. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} conflate (m, a). g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( prefix ( w , i) , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  45. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} conflate (m, a). g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( prefix ( w , i) , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( wi , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  46. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} conflate (m, a). g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( prefix ( w , i) , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( wi , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → wi X → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  47. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} Noon definite suffixes → prefix ( j , X) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) Where r is a rule of noun ‐ class prefixation (Block 1) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) and s is a suffixal formative rule (Block 3), → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} conflate (s, r) belongs to Block 3. → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  48. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) conflate (o, a) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  49. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) conflate ( o , a) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  50. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) conflate ( o , a ) f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  51. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) conflate (o, a). f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2} h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → suffix ( prefix ( w , um) , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  52. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) conflate (o, a). f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2} h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → suffix ( prefix ( w , um) , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → suffix ( wum , X) → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  53. → prefix ( w , X) Block 1. a. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( f , X) b. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 2} → prefix ( m , X) c. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 3} → prefix ( k , X) d. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 4} Example: → prefix ( p , X) e. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 5} → prefix ( j , X) conflate (o, a). f. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 6} g. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 1–3} → prefix ( c , X) X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2} h. X, Adjective, {–dim –anim pl 4–6} → prefix ( t , X) → suffix ( prefix ( w , um) , X) → prefix ( y , X) i. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim sg} → suffix ( wum , X) → prefix ( ɓ , X) j. X, Adjective, {–dim +anim pl} → prefix ( j , X) k. X, Adjective, {+dim sg} → X wum → prefix ( t , X) l. X, Adjective, {+dim pl} → prefix ( i , X) Block 2. m. X, Adjective, {} → suffix ( ii , X) Block 3. n. X, Adjective, {definite loc1} → suffix ( um , X) o. X, Adjective, {definite loc2} → suffix ( aa , X) p. X, Adjective, {definite loc3}

  54. Where A is an adjective with stem adj and σ is any morphosyntactic property set appropriate to A,  adj , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of A. The realization of  adj , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  adj , σ  ]]

  55. Where A is an adjective with stem adj and σ is any morphosyntactic property set appropriate to A,  adj , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of A. The realization of  adj , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  adj , σ  ]]

  56. Where A is an adjective with stem adj and σ is any morphosyntactic property set appropriate to A,  adj , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of A. The realization of  adj , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  adj , σ  ]] the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 2

  57. Where A is an adjective with stem adj and σ is any morphosyntactic property set appropriate to A,  adj , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of A. The realization of  adj , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  adj , σ  ]] the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 3

  58. Where A is an adjective with stem adj and σ is any morphosyntactic property set appropriate to A,  adj , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of A. The realization of  adj , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  adj , σ  ]] In this analysis, the sole purpose of Block 1 is to induce rule conflations occupying Blocks 2 and 3.

  59. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. PF(  YAK , σ  ) = [Block 5 : [Block 4 :  YAK , σ  ]]

  60. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. The realization of  yak , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  yak , σ  ]]

  61. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. The realization of  yak , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  yak , σ  ]] the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 2

  62. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. The realization of  yak , σ  is [Block 3 : [Block 2 :  yak , σ  ]] the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 2 conflate (m, a). X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( prefix ( w , i) , X)

  63. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. The realization of  yak , σ  is [Block 3 :  wiyak , σ  ] the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 2 conflate (m, a). X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1} → prefix ( prefix ( w , i) , X)

  64. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. The realization of  yak , σ  is [Block 3 :  wiyak , σ  ] the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 3 conflate (n, a). X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc1} → suffix ( prefix ( w , ii) , X)

  65. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. The realization of  yak , σ  is [Block 3 :  wiyak , σ  ] the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 3 conflate (n, a). X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2} → suffix ( prefix ( w , um ), X)

  66. Where σ = {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2},  yak , σ  is a cell in the paradigm of YAK ‘big’. The realization of  yak , σ  is  wiyakwum , σ  the result of applying the narrowest applicable rule in Block 3 conflate (n, a). X, Adjective, {–dim –anim sg 1 definite loc2} → suffix ( prefix ( w , um ), X)

  67. In this analysis, the conflation of the prefixal formative rule with rules of noun ‐ class prefixation causes noun ‐ class markers to appear before an adjective’s stem, as part of its prefixal concord. Stem yak ‘big’ (nondiminutive inanimate definite 1sg location 2)

  68. In this analysis, the conflation of the prefixal formative rule with rules of noun ‐ class prefixation causes noun ‐ class markers to appear before an adjective’s stem, as part of its prefixal concord. i ‐ w ‐ prefixal noun ‐ class formative rule prefixation conflated Stem yak ‘big’ (nondiminutive inanimate definite 1sg location 2)

  69. In this analysis, the conflation of the prefixal formative rule with rules of noun ‐ class prefixation causes noun ‐ class markers to appear before an adjective’s stem, as part of its prefixal concord. i ‐ w ‐ prefixal noun ‐ class formative rule prefixation conflated Stem wi prefixation → wiyak yak ‘big’ (nondiminutive inanimate definite 1sg location 2)

  70. But the conflation of the suffix rules with rules of noun ‐ class prefixation causes noun ‐ class markers to appear after an adjective’s stem. i ‐ w ‐ prefixal noun ‐ class formative rule prefixation conflated Stem wi prefixation → wiyak yak ‘big’ (nondiminutive inanimate definite 1sg location 2)

  71. But the conflation of the suffix rules with rules of noun ‐ class prefixation causes noun ‐ class markers to appear after an adjective’s stem. i ‐ w ‐ ‐ um ‐ w prefixal noun ‐ class suffixal noun ‐ class formative rule prefixation formative rule prefixation conflated conflated Stem wi prefixation → wiyak yak ‘big’ (nondiminutive inanimate definite 1sg location 2)

  72. But the conflation of the suffix rules with rules of noun ‐ class prefixation causes noun ‐ class markers to appear after an adjective’s stem. i ‐ w ‐ ‐ um ‐ w prefixal noun ‐ class suffixal noun ‐ class formative rule prefixation formative rule prefixation conflated conflated Stem wi prefixation wum suffixation → wiyak yak → wiyakwum ‘big’ (nondiminutive inanimate definite 1sg location 2)

  73. Stem ‐ pivotal variation in affix order Swahili relative affixes Data from Ashton, E. O. 1944. Swahili grammar . Essex: Longman.

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