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A Fiscal Perspective: The National Trend Towards Free Market Principles in Juvenile Justice Je a ne tte Moll, E sq. Polic y Ana lyst, T e xa s Public Polic y F ounda tion Pre se nta tion to the Ke ntuc ky Unifie d Juve nile Code T a
Je a ne tte Moll, E sq. Polic y Ana lyst, T e xa s Public Polic y F
Pre se nta tion to the Ke ntuc ky Unifie d Juve nile Code T a sk F
Oc tobe r 25, 2012
he T e xa s Public Polic y F
ta nk c ove ring a broa d ra ng e of issue s, from he a lth c a re to e duc a tion, with a mission to promote individua l re sponsibility, fre e e nte rprise , limite d g ove rnme nt, a nd priva te prope rty rig hts.
ffe c tive Justic e wa s founde d within the F
re forms within T e xa s.
e xa s e ve ntua lly spre a d to juve nile justic e , a nd suc c e ssful polic y imple me nta tion in T e xa s le d to the e xpa nsion of our work to othe r sta te s.
style of se c ur e c onfine me nt for the small minor ity of se r ious or viole nt juve nile offe nde r s.
ns de mand this le ve l of se c ur ity to pr e ve nt fur the r c r ime s while the youth unde r goe s r e habilitation.
, those fac ilitie s must be suffic ie ntly safe to allow for e ffe c tive r e habilitation for juve nile offe nde r s.
ally, smalle r fac ilitie s and those c lose r to home ar e be tte r .
he Missour i Mode l; $120 pe r day and le ss than 9 pe r c e nt r e c idivism in adult or juve nile syste m.
al e ffe c tive ne ss of c ommunity- base d pr
amming
institutional state “tr aining sc hools,” whic h usually ar e loc ate d hundr e ds of mile s away fr
youth’s home .
his e ffe c tive ne ss ge ne r ally spr ings out of positive c onne c tions made and maintaine d in the c ommunity; howe ve r , the lowe r c osts of c ommunity- base d plac e me nts c an dr amatic ally e ffe c t state budge ts.
Third: Because of the effectiveness of community-based programming…
e sponse for most youth.
e ful distinc tions ar e ne e de d to diffe r e ntiate be twe e n the major ity of youth, who ar e low- r isk and would like ly be c ome wor se off due to c onfine me nt, fr
ity of high- r isk youth, who would be ne fit fr
e c onfine me nt.
e xas, a br
r ie r was se t for state le ve l se c ur e c onfine me nt (misde me anant youth).
state s limit c onfine me nt on a c ase - by- c ase basis.
juve nile justic e syste ms.
pla c e me nt options.
ma ke r a t e a c h junc ture of the justic e syste m.
he adve nt of ze r
anc e polic ie s be gan a tr e nd away fr
aditional in- sc hool disc ipline , towar ds gr e ate r r e lianc e on juve nile justic e inte r ve ntions into c ommon sc hool misbe havior .
his use of the juve nile justic e syste m to disc ipline stude nts c an c ome at a high c ost and ove r bur de n the c our ts, dive r ting valuable justic e syste m r e sour c e s away fr
c onc e r ns.
c h shows that a balanc e d appr
sc hool be havior issue s c an r e duc e ove r r e lianc e on the justic e syste m while c r e ating be tte r
for stude nts.
se c ure c onfine me nt for most juve nile offe nde rs. Proba tion c a n provide a wide - ra ng e of supe rvisory a lte rna tive s to c onfine me nt.
c onfine me nt, a nd proba tion c a n be e a sily ta ilore d to e a c h juve nile offe nde rs ne e ds a nd risks.
T e xa s is $17.25, whic h e qua te s to $6,296 pe r ye a r.
e w g e og ra phic limita tions (in te rms of se rvic e provide rs).
vide nc e - base d pr
amming is the “buzz- wor d” in juve nile justic e syste ms.
am is one that has be e n pr
e duc e the r isk of c r iminal be havior .
unding is inc r e asingly tie d to the e xc lusive use of suc h pr
amming.
ac k and c ompile r e se ar c h and e vide nc e .
tant to use pr
ams, it is also impor tant to avoid ignor ing c r e ative solutions and innovation.
Eighth: Juveniles in Adult Facilities Are at a Unique Disadvantage
ve n se r ious juve nile
s fac e r isks and disadvantage s in adult loc kups.
he r isks inc lude an inc r e ase d like lihood of physic al and se xual assault as we ll as suic ide r isks.
lac k of e duc ation and age - appr
iate pr
amming.
e xas imple me nte d pe r for manc e inc e ntive funding in 2009. Unde r the Commitme nt Re duc tion Pr
am, c ountie s ar e pr
e tain jur isdic tion ove r youths who would othe r wise be c ommitte d to state fac ilitie s.
state s— Ohio and Illinois— have imple me nte d the ir
sion of pe r for manc e inc e ntive funding.
e ad is financ ial assistanc e following a r e duc tion in state c ommitme nts. T his c r e ate s a fisc al inc e ntive towar d tr e atme nt c lose r to home .
s, and polic ymake r s ar e taking up juve nile justic e r e for ms for fisc al and mor al r e asons.
e fr ain: “If T e xas c an do it . . .”
ginia, Ge or gia, F lor ida, T e xas, Califor nia, Color ado, Ne br aska: almost e ve r y state is looking for be tte r
e ase d c ost- e ffe c tive ne ss for juve nile s.
isis str uc k juve nile justic e in T e xas.
iminal pr
e not e nough:
fa c ilitie s.
he L e g isla ture swiftly a c te d to ba r a ny furthe r misde me a na nts in sta te se c ure fa c ilitie s.
e g isla tion wa s pa sse d to inc re a se se c urity, insta ll vide o c a me ra s, a nd provide for a n Ombudsma n.
e gislator s had lost faith in the state fac ilitie s and be gan se e king out be tte r ways to handle juve nile justic e .
thus state savings due to lowe r r ate s of inc ar c e r ation c ould be passe d on to the c ountie s.
he Commitme nt Re duc tion Pr
am was e nac te d in 2009.
e ss than $140 pe r day.
vide nc e - base d.
c ountie s g ra nt mone y to pla c e youths in c ommunity- ba se d se tting s.
c losure of thre e fa c ilitie s a nd a c ost sa ving s of $100 million.
throug h the Prog ra m, only 58— or 1.4 pe rc e nt— e ve ntua lly re quire d pla c e me nt in a sta te fa c ility.
a re down 18 pe rc e nt, outpa c ing the na tiona l drop of 13 pe rc e nt.
e xa s’ suc c e ss wa s la rg e ly pre dic a te d on unlike ly polic yma ke rs a g g re ssive ly turning the ir a tte ntion towa rd this issue a nd ma king the bold c hoic e s onc e thoug ht unlike ly from a sta te like T e xa s.
in lowe r de linque nc y ra te s— othe r sta te s soug ht to le a rn from our suc c e ss.
he F
e xa s Mode l to
he T e xa s Mode l is not limite d to pe rforma nc e inc e ntive funding — but more ove r, the re c og nition tha t c onfine me nt is not a lwa ys the a nswe r.
k: NYC juve nile s will now be plac e d in fac ilitie s
c lose r to home and state savings will be r e inve ste d.
gia: L
e gislation was intr
e - wr ite and mode r nize juve nile c ode along same pr inc iple s.
ginia: L
e gislation that would have inc r e ase d adult c or r e c tional plac e me nts for juve nile s was bloc ke d.
ado: Pr
ial waive r was de c r e ase d and judic ial disc r e tion ove r juve nile plac e me nt was r e invigor ate d.
DE PL OY Illinois, dive r ting state savings to c ommunity base d plac e me nts, saving $9 million and c utting r e c idivism.
e ffor t with RE CL AIM Ohio, whic h c ut r e c idivism r ate s in half for par tic ipating youth.
sta y— a round six months— a re a ssoc ia te d with inc re a se d tre a tme nt e ffe c tive ne ss a nd g a ins in positive outc ome s, a nd tha t long e r le ng ths of sta y do not inc re a se positive
wo ye a r study of 17,000 youth in F lorida found “no sta tistic a lly sig nific a nt re la tionship to re c idivism” for low- risk a nd mode ra te risk youth.
found little or no impa c t on re - a rre st ra te s.
he most c ostly and de tr ime ntal pr e - adjudic ation supe r vision option.
e c ipitate s highe r r ate s of inc ar c e r ation, e ve n for similar ly situate d youth. Studie s have found that youth ar e mor e like ly to e ve ntually r e c e ive for mal judic ial inte r ve ntion and inc ar c e r ation, e ve n whe n c ontr
ity, r ac e , age , and ge nde r .
n de viant be havior whe n house d with mor e dange r
viole nt youth, an e ffe c t c alle d “pe e r de vianc y tr aining.”
native s: Risk asse ssme nts; de fe r r e d pr
pr
ams; me ntal he alth doc ke t; e ve ning r e por ting c e nte r ; she lte r
gang me mbe r s, human tr affic king, and pr
c har ge s; e le c tr
ing.
c e nt dr
e - ar r e st r ate s while awaiting adjudic ation; 7.2 pe r c e nt dr
e s to appe ar .
e at de al of r e se ar c h sugge sts handling status
s outside of the juve nile justic e syste m e ntir e ly is the be st be t.
he r e is no e vide nc e that juve nile justic e syste m handling r e duc e s or pr e ve nts futur e de linque nc y; in fac t, due to pe e r de vianc y, it like ly inc r e ase s de linque nc y r isks.
c our t or de r ” e xc e ption.
ity of the state s have imple me nte d a CHINS, F INS, JINS, or CINA syste m.
“gate ke e pe r .”
e a minimum le ve l of pr e - c our t dive r sion se r vic e s.
, e valuate , and c olle c t data.
amilie s, sc hools, c ommunity- base d se r vic e s, and c hild we lfar e se r vic e s may all be involve d.
k: PINS Dive r sion Syste m
e nc e > se r vic e s > te r mination > war r ant.
e duc e d file d status offe nde r c ase s by 79 pe r c e nt.
mal pe titions down 41 pe r c e nt.
lor ida: CINS and F INS
ie d on the ir
ac t with pr ivate pr
using she lte r se r vic e s and non-r e side ntial c ounse ling.
vic e s > c onfe r e nc e , if ne e de d.
c e nt e ve r se nt to the c our t syste m.
lor ida ove r $30 million in one fisc al ye ar alone .
sion to F amily Suppor t Ce nte r s (F SCs)
vic e s: me diation, c ounse ling > for mal c our t pe tition.
liminate d all de te ntion of status offe nde r s; only 25 pe r c e nt e ve r for mally adjudic ate d.
INS Assista nc e Prog ra m
y F amily Se r vic e s Plan > r e fe r r al.
ishe s use de te ntion alte r native s in addition to F INS; one par ish r e duc e d for mal filings on status offe nde r s to 2 pe r c e nt.
m should star t with the budge t to ide ntify e xc e ssive c osts, e ve r mindful of the ne e d to foc us
youth.
ve r y youth dive r te d fr
ime save s soc ie ty $2 million ove r his or he r life time .