8/30/2018 The Study of Ancient Civilizations 1 Warfare is the - - PDF document

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8 30 2018
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8/30/2018 The Study of Ancient Civilizations 1 Warfare is the - - PDF document

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8/30/2018 The Study of Ancient Civilizations 1 Warfare is the Agent of Historic Change Recorded history begins at approximately 3,500 B.C. Prior to that everything is called Pre - Historic 3,500 BC 2017 AD (5,517 Years)

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The Study of Ancient Civilizations

2

Warfare is the Agent

  • f Historic Change
  • Recorded history begins at approximately

3,500 B.C.

  • Prior to that everything is called “Pre-Historic”
  • 3,500 BC – 2017 AD (5,517 Years)

– Approximately 200 years of peace – Technology improves the quality of weapons – People become more aggressive

2

3

The most violent century in the history of the world ? The Twentieth Century !

Ancient History

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Ancient Warriors

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The Nine Principles of War

The Modern Warrior

  • f the 21st Century

6

Historic Dating of Years and Periods of History

B.C. = Before Christ / A.D. = Anno Domini (“in the year of Our Lord!”) Us Use N Non

  • ne Ot

Other!

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How do we know what has occurred in the Past?

The Science of Archaeology!!

  • We discover
  • We analyze
  • We interpret
  • We report

How do we know what is being reported in accurate or correct? We (as students of history) read about topics, study and research, and come to

  • ur own conclusions.

We evaluate the (multiple) sources to determine the credibility – Is it believable? Let us now do our own archaeological study “Critical Thinking”

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Jericho

Oldest known city in the world?

9

Count the Levels! Digging Down at Jericho

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10 10

Look at the Depth of Jericho Count the Levels!

11 11

Life in Jericho?

Written texts discovered include the admonishments of a father to his son! “Work hard, study, do not be lazy”

12

Basics for Society / Civilization

  • Man begins to settle down in one place
  • Basic necessities to establish cities

– Water (River Valleys)

  • Drinking – Cooking
  • Irrigation for agriculture
  • Transportation to

move products

– Religion – Language – Government

12

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Water (River Valleys)

  • Drinking – Cooking
  • Irrigation for

agriculture

  • Transportation to

move products

Basic necessities to establish cities (cont.’)

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Nile River Valley

Climate / Geography

Dry Desert – Water Essential Cataracts -- Waterfalls Delta Flows to South – North (Upper to Lower)

  • Upper Egypt (higher elevations)
  • Lower Egypt (Nile Delta)

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Narmer (Menes)

(Ruler of Upper Egypt)

Crown of Upper Egypt Crown of Lower Egypt Creates World’s First Nation Unites both kingdoms of early Egypt Capital: Memphis (near border of two kingdoms)

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Start of Egypt’s dynasties (30 in total) 3,000 – 332 BC Cartouche (Name of the King/Pharaoh) Leads to Translation of Language / Rosetta Stone

17

Egypt is Rich in Natural Resources

Notice Gold Deposits! These will be fought

  • ver for 3,000 years.

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Period of Three Kingdoms

Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.)

  • Pyramids – Giza Plateau

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Building for Eternity The Pyramids

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Period of Three Kingdoms

Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.)

  • Pyramids – Giza Plateau
  • National Government develops
  • Theocracy
  • Memphis

19 20

The Great Sphinx

Built 2550 – 2530 B.C. Largest Monolith Statue in the World! Standing Guard at Giza – Three Great Pyramids

21

Middle Kingdom (2200 – 1600 BC)

Thebes becomes capital Power declines Invasion by the Hyksos

  • Bronze weapons
  • Chariots
  • Rule Egypt for over 100 years

New Kingdom (1600 – 945 B.C.)

Defeat of the Hyksos Begin to use the title “Pharaoh” Valley of the Kings created Thutmose III builds the Egyptian Empire Amenhotep (Nefertiti) -- Akhenaton – Monotheism Tutankhamen (King Tut) -- Thebes

Period of Three Kingdoms (cont.’)

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Amateur Archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922 discovers King Tutankhamen's Tomb

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Amateur Archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922 discovers King Tutankhamen's Tomb Ancient Mystery

  • Died at age 18
  • Murdered?

Only tomb discovered intact – with grave goods!

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Ramses II

Longest Living Pharaoh *67 years! Moses? Battle of Kadesh – Hittites Abu Simbel

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One of the best documented battles of antiquity Described and written about by both the Hittites and the Egyptians (with their own points of view – “spin”!)

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Ramses as a Leader

  • Young (Inexperienced)
  • Brave
  • Rash / Impulsive
  • Adventurous
  • Doesn’t always follow

advice!

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Egyptian Military

  • Chariots
  • Infantry
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The Hittites as Soldiers Large numbers

  • f chariots

Use of Iron Three soldiers

  • vs. Egyptian

two soldiers per chariot

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Diplo lomacy at Work = Treaty Each side e claimed med victory Reali lity: y: it can be called ed a draw Note!

33 33

Result: The world’s first recorded peace treaty

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Egyptian Society

  • This life or next – it is the same!!
  • Upper Class – Royalty, Priests
  • Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax

collectors

  • Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group

Egyptian Religion

  • Polytheistic
  • King / Pharaoh = God
  • Prepared for the next world

Art

  • Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings
  • Statues

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Examples of Egyptian “Art”

 Wall Painting  Statues  Embalming

British Museum - London

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The Scribe

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Egyptian Society

  • This life or next – it is the same!!
  • Upper Class – Royalty, Priests
  • Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax

collectors

  • Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group

Egyptian Religion

  • Polytheistic
  • King / Pharaoh = God
  • Prepared for the next world

Art

  • Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings
  • Statues

Writing

  • Hieroglyphics – Hieratic (Demotic)
  • Rosetta Stone – 196 BC
  • British Museum in London

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Ros

  • set

etta St a Ston

  • ne

Bri British sh Muse seum Lo Lond ndon

  • n, Eng

nglan and

  • 45 inches in height
  • 28 1/2 inches in width
  • 11 inches thick
  • 1,676 pounds in weight.

39

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Rosetta Stone

Three Languages: Hieroglyphs Demotic (Hieratic – Cursive) Ancient Greek

  • Written in 196 B.C.
  • Account of Ptolomy V and his divine cult
  • Discovered in Rosetta, Egypt in 1799 (Napoleon – France)
  • Translated by Champollion in 1822

What other language does this look like? Answer: Aramaic; Hebrew; Arabic

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Development of the World’s First Towns & Cities

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  • A hollow box, covered with inlaid

little beads of lapis lazuli and small carved figures.

  • It was found laying in the corner
  • f a burial chamber above a head
  • f a man.
  • When found, the original wooden

frame was decayed, and two mosaic panels, set in the bitumen, were broken.

  • It was envisaged that it had been

carried on a pole as a standard. Another suggestion is that the hollow box formed a part of a musical instrument.

  • It was decorated on its four

sides with inlaid mosaic scenes representing all social classes at war and peace.

  • At the top of the "peace" panel, a

singer and a harpist playing the vertical harp (also known as a lyre harp or a lyre like those found in many "royal" tombs) entertained the king.

The Standard of Ur (2600 – 2400 B.C.?)

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Mesopotamia

“Land between the two rivers” (Tigris / Euphrates)

  • Fertile Crescent = Iraq
  • Flood waters
  • Irrigation = Agriculture in a

dry environment

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Sumer = Birthplace of the World’s First Cities

44

Sumerians – Sumer

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Sumerians – Sumer

100’s of small locations

  • Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Eridu, Babylon, Lagash, Umma, Kish, Agade, Erech
  • Development of city-states

City and surrounding land (2 -15 miles out)

  • Governed independently from other city-states

councils monarchs -- military & religious leader

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Center of city = Ziggurat

  • religious purposes
  • polytheistic

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Mounds of Nippur – Once on the banks of the Euphrates

Map of Sumerian City Depicting various features

  • f the city in Cuneiform

writing

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Writing Develops in Sumer

Cuneiform

  • pictures
  • wedge shaped
  • clay tablets
  • well preserved
  • leads eventually to the first alphabet
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Inventions

  • Concept of “60”
  • Wheel
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Because of Hot/Dry Climate, People Often Sleep on Roof!

The City of Ur

53 53

Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

54 54

Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

Sumerian way of war

  • Bronze (copper & tin) weapons
  • Chariots – pulled by Onagers

(small horses) or donkeys! Which leads up to the world’s first Empires

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World’s First Empire Develops

Sargon I – Akkadian’s Legend – Basket – River

  • NW Portion of Mesopotamia
  • Unites all the city-states of Mesopotamia
  • Only last for 100 years.
  • Akkad language is adopted – becomes

language of early diplomats (Kadesh i.e.)

Ebla – royal archives elected kings - removed by a council

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Hammurabi – Babylonian Empire

Strong government Babylon – major trade center Law Code – greatest accomplishment

 7’ Stele  similar to Bible / Mosaic law  concerns aspects of daily life

Babylonian Society – similar to that of ancient Egypt  nobles – priests  merchants , artisans, scribes, farmers  poor, slaves Ends with advance of the Hittites from west (Modern Turkey)

Louvre, Paris, France

Will be resurrected 1,000 years later Neo-Babylonians – Chaldeans Nebuchadnezzar 60 60

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Proto Indo – European Language (“P.I.E.”)

Indus Valley Civilizations Harappa (India) Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan)

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Sub-Asian Continent

  • Himalayas
  • Protection from the North

Pakistan, India, Bangladesh

  • Effects of nature --flooding
  • Seasonal weather –winds

Indus Valley Civilization

Harappan Civilization

  • Harappa (Capital City)
  • Mohenjo-Daro
  • 2500 –1500 BC ?
  • Grid Patterns –Centrally Planned
  • Sewer System
  • Actively engaged in trade
  • Pictograms ?
  • Demise ?

Natural / Manmade ?

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Mo(h)enjo- Daro Citadel & Administrative Center

(Urban Planning)

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Precise Grid Patterns with Sewer System

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What is this?

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Public Baths

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Vault for Community Wealth

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Measuring Devices from Mohenjo-Daro

Weights cut according to strict standards.

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Metal weapons, tools, and ornaments

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Question ????

What is this?

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Answer !!!

An Elephant Goad! Think Circus!

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Indus Valley Civilization Demis ise ?

Language has not been deciphered Flood Famine Disease War

74 75

Early China

Influence of Geography

  • Relative Isolation

Diverse Climate

  • Deserts / Mountains / Plains

Major Water Ways Huang He / Chang Jiang / Xi Jiang Contribute to Fertile Agriculture Early Dynasties (3000 BC) Yang – shao Pottery Xia – 2000 BC First Dynasty (first emperor)

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Ends -- 1908 – China’s Last Emperor

  • - Republic
  • - Sun Yet-Sen
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Shang Dynasty

First Record of China’s History Anyang

  • - One of Seven Capital Cities

Polytheistic

  • - Oracle Bones

Bronze Work

  • - Weapons
  • - Urns / Cauldrons

Chinese Script

  • - Characters

Internal Disputes – Decline and Fall Mandate of Heaven Authority from God

  • - Continues through history –

“Divine Right of Kings”

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Polytheistic -- Oracle Bones Chinese Script -- Characters sounds

  • bjects

words

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  • Bronze
  • Jade
  • Inventions

Chinese Craftsmanship

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Medical Advances -- Acupuncture

Not that type of Acupuncture!!

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What is this Bronze object from the Chinese Shang Period?

An Executioner’s Ax Head! {:-( ….

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China in Turmoil

Decline

  • f the

Zhou

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Han Dynasty

  • China Unifies
  • Peace
  • Expansion
  • Great Wall

completed