28: Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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28: Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 21, 2024 40 likes •597 views

By: Dr. Foadoddini Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Birjand University of Medical Sciences 28: Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 0.5 20 L 50 1200 mOsmol/L Countercurrent Mechanism

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28: Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration

By: Dr. Foadoddini

Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Birjand University of Medical Sciences

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0.5 20 L 50 1200 mOsmol/L

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Countercurrent Mechanism

  • Interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle

(countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the vasa recta blood vessels (countercurrent exchanger)

  • The solute concentration in the loop of Henle ranges from 300 mOsm to

1200 mOsm

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Countercurrent Mechanism Produces a Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/countercurrent_ct.html

http://www.cellphys.ubc.ca/undergrad_files/urine.swf http://bio-alive.com/animations/anatomy.htm

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Permeable

to H2O if ADH 50% Urea Contributes to Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium and to a Concentrated Urine

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Countercurrent Exchange in the Vasa Recta Preserves Hyperosmolarity of the Renal Medulla

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  • Medullary osmotic

gradient

  • H2O→ECF→vasa recta

vessels

Countercurrent Multiplier and Exchange

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Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: "Free Water" and Osmolar Clearances 2.1 * 142 = 298 mOsmol/L

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29: Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume

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UO

BP

Directly Indirectly Pressure Diuresis & Natriuresis importance in BV and ECF control

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Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis Are Key Components of a Renal‐Body Fluid Feedback for Regulating Body Fluid Volumes and Arterial Pressure

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BV CO BP UO

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Neural control

AgII Aldostrone ADH ANP

Factors Increase the Effectiveness

  • f Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control
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Factors affect K secretion: [K]o Aldostrone Tubular flow Acidosis

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30: Regulation of Acid‐Base Balance

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Volatile acids: CO2 Non‐ Volatile acids: H2SO4, H3PO4 β‐hydroxybutyric acid, Acetoacetic acid Lactic acid Salcylic acid, formic acid Gycolic acid, oxalic acid extremely low pH: is not linear but logarithmic function ie, more change in acidemia normal range of arterial pH: 7.37 to 7.42

carbonic anhydrase

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Isohydric law

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1 3 2 4 5

brush border carbonic anhydrase Acetazolamide

no net secretion of H+ little change in tubular fluid pH

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DT, CT

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Acid-base nomogram

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Micturition (Voiding or Urination)

  • Bladder can hold 250 ‐ 400ml
  • Greater volumes stretch bladder walls initiates

micturation reflex:

  • Spinal reflex

– Parasympathetic stimulation causes bladder to contract – Internal sphincter opens – External sphincter relaxes due to inhibition

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Urination: Micturation reflex

Figure 19-18: The micturition reflex

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Micturition (Voiding or Urination)

Figure 25.20a, b

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