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#20 The South is destroyed The Civil War ended April 9, 1865. Much - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
#20 The South is destroyed The Civil War ended April 9, 1865. Much - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
#20 The South is destroyed The Civil War ended April 9, 1865. Much of the factories, railroads, and farm land in the South was destroyed by the Civil War. The South would need to be rebuilt. This rebuilding of the South was called
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The Slaves Are Free
■ With the ending of the war, the slaves
were now free.
■ The 13th Amendment to the Constitution
was passed.
■ The 13th Amendment made slavery illegal
forever in the United States before the war’s end by only Union states.
■ With slavery ended, African-Americans are
called the Freedmen.
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The Freedmen’s Bureau
■ The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to
help poor blacks and whites in the South.
■ The Freedmen’s Bureau established
schools in the South and assisted with legal aid and writing contracts with former masters.
■ Laws against educating slaves during the
Civil War meant that most ex-slaves did not know how to read and write.
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Civil Rights and Economic Opportunities
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Freedmen’s Bureau: From June 1865 to January 1866, the
- ccupation force in
the South shrank from roughly 270,000 to 87,550 soldiers and later just 20,000. They are to there to end slavery and assist the Freedmen
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Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
■ On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln laid
- ut his approach to Reconstruction in his
second inaugural address.
■ He hoped to reunite the nation and it’s
people.
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■ “With malice [hatred] toward none, with
charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.
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Lincoln is assassinated
■ Just six days after the war ended at
Appomattox, on April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play.
■ Lincoln was assassinated by John
Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who was angry at Lincoln.
■ Vice-President Andrew Johnson
became the 14th US President.
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President Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
■Plan for Reconstruction: 1. ratify the 13th
Amendment, 2. Swear an Oath of Loyalty to the Union, 3. Cancel the Confederate War Debt
■Johnson pardon’s (offers amnesty) to 13,000
Confederate leaders who regain their citizenship and property. This ends “40 acres and a mule” for abandoned lands given to the Freedmen.
■President Johnson is a white supremacist
who cares little for Freedmen’s rights
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Results of President Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan The Southern states were rapidly readmitted to the Union. They reelected Confederate Governors; sent former CSA Senators and Congressmen to Washington in 1866. Republicans refuse to seat them in
- Congress. What was the war fought for if the
same rebel leaders are reelected and the lives of Freedmen are terrorized and close to slavery?
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The Black Codes
■ The Black Codes were laws passed by
Southern states that limited the new-found freedom of Freedmen / African Americans.
■ Provides cheap Freedmen labor “Slavery
without ownership;”
■ Forced African Americans to work on farms
- r as servants. They also prevented African
Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities.
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Voting Rights
■ Other laws were passed to keep blacks
from voting.
■ One law said former slaves had to pay a
tax to vote. It was called a poll tax.
■ Laws were passed that allowed a person
to skip literacy tests or poll taxes if their grandfather had voted. These laws were called the Grandfather Clause.
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Radical Republicans
■ The Black Codes angered many Republicans for
erasing the results of the Civil War.
■ The Radical Republicans wanted the South to
protect the Freedmen before they could be readmitted to the Union. They were angry at President Johnson for readmitting the South so easily.
■ They believed that the Freedmen would be the
loyal Americans of the South.
■ They wanted (perhaps selfishly) to establish the
Republican party in the former CSA states.
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African-American troops from the Civil War provided protection during Reconstruction
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54th Mass: The original “Glory Roaders”
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Radical Republicans’ Response to the Black Codes
■ The 14th Amendment guaranteed
citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U.S. except for the Indians.
■ It said that state governments could not
“deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”
■ Ratified in 1868
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Checks and Balances + Separation of Powers in the US Constitution
■ Congress can override a Presidential veto
with 2/3 majority in the House of Representatives and the Senate.
■ The House of Representatives can impeach
the President and the Senate votes on his innocence or guilt.
■ (Benchmark example: The President
negotiates treaties and appoints Supreme Court Justices but the Senate has to approve them.)
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President Johnson, The Radical Republicans, and Impeachment
■ Congress was angry at President Johnson
for trying to block their Reconstruction
- policies. So Congress impeached Johnson.
■ Impeachment is the process of charging a
public official with a crime.
■ The next step was to try the President in the
Senate.
■ By a single vote, Republicans failed to
convict Johnson.
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Ku Klux Klan (White Supremacy)
■ The KKK was a secret society opposed to African
Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote.
■ The KKK used violence and intimidation to
prevent the Freedmen from using their rights.
■ Klan members wore white robes and hoods to
hide their identities.
■ The Klan and other white Supremacists murdered
- ver 50,000 African-Americans between 1863-
1890.
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1869 towards Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
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Radical Reconstruction 1867-76
■ The Union Army occupied the South and helped
register the Freedmen to vote and oversaw elections for state constitutional conventions.
■ These new conventions provided for Freedmen civil
rights, public schools, and ratified the 14th Amendment.
■ Military commanders had the power to enforce
martial law and dismiss local sheriffs and judges who did not prosecute whites who terrorized the Freedmen.
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■ 1870 NC Kirk-Holden
War – Governor Holden declared martial law to stop the KKK in the
- Piedmont. The violence
was stopped but Gov. Holden became the 1st US Governor to be removed from office by impeachment.
■ NC had no public
schools before the war and over 30% of whites were illiterate with over 70% of the Freedmen.
Kirk-Holden War NC 1870
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15th Amendment
■ The 15th Amendment gave African
American men the right to vote in 1870.
■ Women’s rights activists were angry
because the amendment did not also grant women the right to vote.
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Over 1500 Freedmen were elected during Reconstruction
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The End of Reconstruction
Presidential Election of 1876 results in disputed
- votes. The Democrats agreed not to block
Republican Hayes’ victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the
- South. As a result of the so-called Compromise of
1877 (or 1876), all remaining US troops are withdrawn and they will not act to protect the civil rights of Freedmen anymore. Most Freedmen and poor whites are reduced to sharecropping and poverty.
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