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1993-2013 : 20 000 nuclear w arheads to be dismantled (500 tons of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1993-2013 : 20 000 nuclear w arheads to be dismantled (500 tons of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1993-2013 : 20 000 nuclear w arheads to be dismantled (500 tons of HEU) 2011, August 25 : 17 000 w arheads already dismantled (425 tons of HEU) 2 Dismantling (1992) HEU (1993) Energy - SWU Feed (1999) Feed - UF6 3 4 5 Soviet
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Dismantling (1992) HEU (1993)
Energy - SWU
Feed (1999)
Feed - UF6
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- Soviet Foreign debt : from $18 bn in 1984 to $ 70 bn in 1991
- Industrial production : - 35% in June 1993 (compared to 1989)
- Investments : - 45% in 1992 (compared to 1991)
- Inflation : +2.600% in 1992 (26% monthly rate in Oct. 1993)
- 1992, January 1st : 1 $ = 213 RUR
01.07.92 : The State decrees the end of the Ruble/Dollar parity 1993, January 18th : 1 $ = 1193 RUR
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- June 1998 : IMF’s assistance plan ($ 22.6 bn)
- 1998, August 1 st : Total amount of unpaid wages = RUB 12.5 bn
- Inflation rate : 84%
- Urals crude price : <10 $ per barrel in August 1998
- 1998, August 17 th : Russian debt default. 4 fold devaluations of
the Ruble : from 6 RUB/1 $ to 24 RUB/1 $
- 1999, August 9 th : V. Putin becomes the 4th Prime Minister in 18
months
- October 1999 : Russian debt reaches $ 17,38 bn >> 2020
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- 50% of the U.S. civil demand or
12% of the world demand
- Value : $ 8 bn
- 163.000 T from which 118.000
T purchased by Cameco, Cogema (Areva) and Nukem
- Value : $ 4 bn
- r
30 tons of HEU / year
(full years)
from which 6.000 T purchased by AREVA, Cameco and Nukem = 46 X 1000 MW reactors capacity = 37 X 1000 MW reactors capacity
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Potential electricity to pow er Energy equivalents
Source : USEC
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HEU-LEU agreement represents
- World NPP (nuclear power plant) demand (2008 and 2009) :
45.8 m SWU/year
- Production capacity :
- In France (AREVA)
George Besse 1 : 10.8 m SWU/year
- In USA (USEC)
PGDP : 8 m SWU/year
- In Russia
4 facilities : 27 m SWU/year ?
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HEU-LEU agreement represents
HEU feed component = 30% of the 10 largest mines production
Source : World Nuclear Association
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HEU feed as a percentage of world demand
Source : World Nuclear Association
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HEU feed as a percentage of U.S. demand
Source : U.S. Energy Information Administration
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- Uranium Mines
- Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
- Enrichment
- 40-45% of the world production capacity
- Facilities (combines)
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After 2013 ? Introduction of some other stocks of HEU (USA-Russia) on the market ? Plutonium stocks ?
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Russia and USA ow n 95% of the w orld’s nuclear w arheads
- HEU & Pu stocks (1991), in tons
- Operational w eapon stocks (March 2006), in units
- Warhead stocks (estimations), in units
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- Objective 2018
- Operational w eapon stocks, in units
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- Estimated w orld stocks : about 260 T
- 1995 : 50 T of Pu in excess in Russia and USA
(B.Clinton/B.Yeltsin)
- MOX conversion project + vitrification program
- 2007 and 2010 : G.W.Bush (B.Yeltsin) then B.Obama
(D.Medvedev)
- Recycling agreement concerning 34 T in both countries
- Important energy content for Rosatom
- 1 g Pu = 3 T oil
34 T Pu = 102 m T of oil
- 2030 (?) : Pu to be burnt in Fast Breeder Reactors
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- Multiple advantages
non-proliferation policy energy feed dollars
- Importance of the figures / financial cost of
the Cold War
- Military
stocks = potential (secondary) energy supply, but possibly destabilizing the primary market
! !
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