15-01-26 — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — � the Seattle Windshield Pitting Epidemic � Suddenly a lot of people started to report that the windshield of their car has been damaged, they reported tiny pit marks in the glass. The episode started on March 23, 1954. On April 14 th the police had logged over 3000 vehicles with pit marks. On April 16 th the police logged 64 pitting complaints, and 10 on the 17 th , but after that date, not a single further report was received. The police initially suspected vandals, but as the number increased, it soon became evident that this was not the right explanation. Speculations concerning sandflea eggs and atomic fallout from hydrogen bomb tests were spread. However an investigation a few years later determined that the pits had always existed. Influenced by the rumours and spurred by a few initial cases amplified by mass media, people started looking at instead of through their windshields. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — � the Seattle Windshield Pitting Epidemic � Suddenly a lot of people started to report that the windshield of their car has been damaged, they reported tiny pit marks in the glass. The episode started on March 23, 1954. On April 14 th the police had logged over 3000 vehicles with pit marks. On April 16 th the police logged 64 pitting complaints, and 10 on the 17 th , but after that date, not a single further report was received. The police initially suspected vandals, but as the number increased, it soon became evident that this was not the right explanation. Speculations concerning sandflea eggs and atomic fallout from hydrogen bomb tests were spread. However an investigation a few years later determined that the pits had always existed. Influenced by the rumours and spurred by a few initial cases amplified by mass media, people started looking at instead of through their windshields. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 1
15-01-26 Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Emergent Interaction Systems Anders Broberg Department of Computing Science 2015-01-26 — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Emergence — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 2
15-01-26 The Social Animal • The collective or the social context plays a central role • An important part of our “decision procedure” utilize our conception of: • the collective • other individuals • self-conception • Knowledge is social construction • we unify us around a conception of the truth • this “truth” rules our behavior. • Learning in this context is a social process, where we humans interact with the environment to create our own conception. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — The Situated Animal • We think with help of our environment. • Reminds us • Set us into a mood • Places have meanings that rule our behavior • Private, shared for a larger group or the whole society • Asynchronous communication • Associate places with information and messages • Meaning for the learning process • Spatial-based techniques to amplify our cognitive capacity • Landmarks (egocentric or shared) — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — The Creative Animal • Tools are simple artifacts • We use a broad spectrum of tools that seam to increase or amplify the cognitive capacity • For example, we use: • maps to navigate or orientate • paper and pen to remember things or to communicate. • calendars or diaries to remember time-based events. • calculator to perform complicated calculations. • computers to perform more complicated calculations • Cognitive tools can be implemented • mental • physical • digital. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 3
! 15-01-26 There is an ongoing process in the society , both at a Background technical and a social level. A process where mobility , closeness , and a “ physicalistation” are three key concepts. This process increases the complexity in the information landscape, and thereby a process that increases the pressure on the citizens. On the other hand this process gives us new possibilities , both for us as citizens and for the developers of services. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — The technical and social development in this scenario gives us Implications the possibility and motives to develop location based memory aids, virtual beacons, virtual footprints, asynchronous location-based communication, visual interpretations of social behavior, etc. The social aspects and how we interact and communicate among individuals and the collective is an important part • Hence, systems with a shared feedback loop are natural components. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 4
15-01-26 — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Emergent behaviours … are characterised by: ! Determined in a bottom-up way. ! The parts that are involved in determining the global behaviour are distributed in space. ! The global behaviour arises from local behaviour and the interaction on all levels and between levels. ! Can arise on all levels, and human beings is a good example for that. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 5
15-01-26 Emergenta Interaktionssystem Emergent behaviours ! It is difficult to predict the global emerging behaviour by just inspecting the subparts. ! It is hard to decide which subparts to use to get a particular desired global emergent behaviour. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — — Proximity Based Tools -That Make us Smart — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Emergent Interaction System • A kind of environment in which a number of individual Background actors share some experience/phenomenon. • Data originating from the actors and their behaviour is collected , transformed and fed back into the environment. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 6
15-01-26 Interaction • The defining requirement of emergent interaction is that this feedback has some noticeable and interesting effect on the Background behaviour of the individuals and the collective • That something ‘ emerges’ in the interactions between the individuals , the collective , and the shared phenomenon as a result of introducing the feedback mechanism. • The immediate effect may be enhancement of the individual experience • With resulting effects on the individual’s behaviour, choice of action, and so on. • The immediate effect can also be some kind of change in the observed, shared phenomenon. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Emergent Interaction Model Feedback Shared phenomenon Actor f (...) Weight functions Administration PID f (...) f (...) Compile Data and Compute Application External input/output — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 7
15-01-26 Go With the Flow Time Instant Day Centuries Size Single individuals City, region Earth's population Level of centralisation Centralised Decentralised — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Virtual Event Time Instant Day Centuries Size Single individuals City, region Earth's population Level of centralisation Centralised Decentralised — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Sport Event Time Instant Day Centuries Size Single individuals City, region Earth's population Level of centralisation Centralised Decentralised — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 8
15-01-26 Design Background Is it really possible to design emergence? Is it possible to design the unexpected? It may seem that � designed emergence � is a contradiction in terms. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Design Unpredictable outcome is inherent in the concept of Background emergence, but what we might be able to do is to design for emergence. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — From Natural to Digital ! The amount and variety of data that is possible to collect and the speed of collection are radically increased. ! The feedback loops can be speeded up many orders of magnitude, and it possible to control and dynamically vary response times. ! Manipulation of the weight functions gives a relatively simple way to control the behaviour of the system. ! New possibilities to design and control the feedback function, without any real limit to the complexity. ! Continuously updated environment models can be used to study and simulate collective behaviour. — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — 9
15-01-26 Application Areas Knowledge Society Events Exercising Events Home Activity Events Professional Events Public Space Events Political Events Communication Events Arena Events Community Events — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — — Proximity Based Tools -That Make us Smart — — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — Implications of EIS ! Emergent interaction systems are hard to design ! High Costs ! Technical hard ! Foresee the resulting behaviour ! Worries about A � 1984 � or Big Brother Scenario ! Security issues ! Integrity issues ! Misuse of the basic techniques ! Critical Mass ! Shared phenomena — Design of Emergent Interaction Systems — — Proximity Based Tools -That Make us Smart — 10
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