1. Reconstruction and the West 1.1 Reconstruction: Americas - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
1 reconstruction and the west 1 1 reconstruction america
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

1. Reconstruction and the West 1.1 Reconstruction: Americas - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 26, 2023 362 likes •1.72k views

1. Reconstruction and the West 1.1 Reconstruction: Americas Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 1.2 Go West, Young Man!: 1865-1900 1.1 Reconstruction: Americas Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 1.1.1 Wartime Reconstruction 1.1.2

slide-1
SLIDE 1
  • 1. Reconstruction and the West
slide-2
SLIDE 2

1.1 Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 1.2 “Go West, Young Man!”: 1865-1900

slide-3
SLIDE 3

1.1 Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877

slide-4
SLIDE 4

1.1.1 Wartime Reconstruction 1.1.2 Presidential Reconstruction 1.1.3 Radical Reconstruction

slide-5
SLIDE 5

1.1.4 The Grant Administration 1.1.5 Black Lives in the Postbellum South 1.1.6 Retreat from Reconstruction

slide-6
SLIDE 6
  • 1. How do we bring the

South back into the Union?

  • 2. How do we rebuild

the South after its destruction during the war?

Key Questions

slide-7
SLIDE 7
  • 3. How do we integrate

and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen?

  • 4. What branch of

government should control the process of Reconstruction?

slide-8
SLIDE 8

1.1.1 Wartime Reconstruction

slide-9
SLIDE 9

President Lincoln’s Plan

10% Plan

  • Proclamation of Amnesty

and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

  • Replace majority rule

with “loyal rule” in South.

slide-10
SLIDE 10
  • He did not consult

Congress.

  • Pardoned all but the

highest-ranking Confederates.

  • When 10% of the voting

population in the 1860 election took a loyalty

  • ath, the state would be

restored.

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

  • Required 51% of the

1860 voters in each Southern state to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance

  • (“I never voluntarily

aided the rebellion…”)

slide-12
SLIDE 12
  • Required a state

constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

  • Enacted specific

safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

slide-13
SLIDE 13
slide-14
SLIDE 14
slide-15
SLIDE 15

13th Amendment

  • “Neither slavery nor

involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the U.S. or any place subject to its jurisdiction.”

slide-16
SLIDE 16
  • Ratified in December,

1865.

  • Congress shall have

power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

slide-17
SLIDE 17
slide-18
SLIDE 18

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

  • Bureau of Refugees,

Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

  • Who were the

“carpetbaggers”?

  • mostly former northern

abolitionists

  • Union soldiers
slide-19
SLIDE 19
  • Who were the

“scalawags”?

  • Southern Republicans /

poor Whites

  • Voted against

secession / for Douglas

  • r Bell in 1860
slide-20
SLIDE 20

Freedmen’s Bureau through 
 Southern Eyes

slide-21
SLIDE 21

1.1.2 Presidential Reconstruction

slide-22
SLIDE 22

President Andrew Johnson

  • Jacksonian Democrat.
  • Anti-Aristocrat.
  • Champion of poor

whites.

  • Agreed that states had

never legally left the Union.

slide-23
SLIDE 23
slide-24
SLIDE 24

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Johnson’s Plan (‘Ten Percent 2.0’)

  • Offered amnesty upon

simple oath to all except:

  • Confederate officers &

large land-owners (> $20,000)

  • Those individuals

applied directly to Johnson

slide-26
SLIDE 26
  • New constitutions must

repudiate slavery, secession and state debts.

  • Named provisional

governors in Confederate states.

slide-27
SLIDE 27
slide-28
SLIDE 28
  • Purpose:
  • Guarantee stable labor 


supply post- emancipation.

  • Restore pre-

emancipation
 racial hierarchy.

Black Codes

slide-29
SLIDE 29
  • Forced many blacks to

become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

slide-30
SLIDE 30
slide-31
SLIDE 31

Congress Opposes the President

  • Congress bars newly

elected Southern reps

  • February, 1866:

Johnson vetoes the Freedmen’s Bureau bill.

slide-32
SLIDE 32
slide-33
SLIDE 33
  • March, 1866: Johnson


vetoes Civil Rights bill.

  • Congress quickly

passes both bills over 
 Johnson’s vetoes

slide-34
SLIDE 34

1.1.3 Radical Reconstruction

slide-35
SLIDE 35

14th Amendment

  • Ratified in July, 1868
  • Provided a

constitutional guarantee

  • f the rights and

security of the freedmen

  • Insured against neo-

Confederate political power

slide-36
SLIDE 36
  • Guaranteed the national

debt; repudiated Confederate debt

  • Southern representation

reduced proportionally if Blacks disenfranchised.

slide-37
SLIDE 37

The 1866 Interim Elections

  • Referendum on Radical

Reconstruction.

  • Johnson travels cross

country to promote his plan.

slide-38
SLIDE 38
  • Republicans win a 3-1

majority in both houses

  • Gain control of every

northern state.

slide-39
SLIDE 39
slide-40
SLIDE 40

Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

  • Military supervision of

state governments

slide-41
SLIDE 41
  • New state constitutions

required Black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

  • Divide the 10

“unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

slide-42
SLIDE 42
slide-43
SLIDE 43

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

  • The President could not

remove appointed

  • fficials [e.g., Cabinet

members] without the Senate’s consent.

slide-44
SLIDE 44
  • Designed to protect

incumbent (Radical) members of Lincoln’s government.

  • Law may be

unconstitutional.

slide-45
SLIDE 45

President Johnson’s Impeachment

  • Johnson removed

Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (February, 1868).

  • The House impeached

Johnson two days before actually writing formal charges by a vote of 126 – 47.

slide-46
SLIDE 46
slide-47
SLIDE 47

The Senate Trial

  • 11 week trial
  • Johnson acquitted 35 to


19 (one short of required two-thirds vote).

slide-48
SLIDE 48
slide-49
SLIDE 49

1.1.4 The Grant Administration

slide-50
SLIDE 50
slide-51
SLIDE 51
slide-52
SLIDE 52
slide-53
SLIDE 53

Grant Administration Scandals

  • Grant presided over an

era of unprecedented growth and corruption.

  • Credit Mobilier

Scandal

  • Whiskey Ring
  • “Indian Ring”
slide-54
SLIDE 54
slide-55
SLIDE 55

The Panic of 1873

  • Raises “the money

question”

  • Debtors seek inflation
  • Increased circulation
  • f greenbacks.
slide-56
SLIDE 56
  • Creditors, economists

support deflation.

  • Keep U.S. on “gold

standard”

  • 1876 àGreenback Party

wins several congressional seats by criticizing “The Crime of ’73”!

slide-57
SLIDE 57
slide-58
SLIDE 58

Legal Challenges

  • The Slaughterhouse

Cases (1873)

  • When LA granted a

monopoly to a single slaughterhouse, the power to do so was upheld because state and national citizenship were declared separate.

slide-59
SLIDE 59
  • This undermined future

attempts to use the 14th Amendment to protect civil rights against states.

slide-60
SLIDE 60
  • U.S. v. Cruickshank (1876)
  • Overruled conviction of

Whites who attacked blacks in Louisiana under the 1870 Enforcement Act

  • Court ruled Federal

government did not have power…duty to protect citizens fell to states.

slide-61
SLIDE 61

1.1.5 Black Lives in the Postbellum South

slide-62
SLIDE 62
slide-63
SLIDE 63
slide-64
SLIDE 64
slide-65
SLIDE 65
slide-66
SLIDE 66
slide-67
SLIDE 67

Blacks in Southern Politics

  • Core voters were black

veterans.

  • Blacks were politically

unprepared.

slide-68
SLIDE 68
  • Blacks could register

and vote in Southern states starting in 1867.

  • The 15th Amendment

guaranteed federal voting.

slide-69
SLIDE 69
slide-70
SLIDE 70

15th Amendment

  • Ratified in 1870.
  • “The right of citizens of

the United States to vote shall not be denied

  • r abridged by the

United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

slide-71
SLIDE 71
  • The Congress shall

have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

  • Women’s rights groups

were furious. Why?

slide-72
SLIDE 72

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

slide-73
SLIDE 73
slide-74
SLIDE 74

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

  • “The KKK Act”
  • “The Lost Cause.”
  • Rise of the

“Redeemers” Obstacles

slide-75
SLIDE 75
slide-76
SLIDE 76

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

  • Crime for any individual

to deny full &
 equal use of public accommodations

  • Prohibited

discrimination in jury 
 selection

slide-77
SLIDE 77
  • Shortcomings
  • Lacked a strong

enforcement mechanism

  • Crippled by narrow

judicial interpretations

  • No new civil rights act

was attempted
 for another 90 years.

slide-78
SLIDE 78

1.1.6 Retreat from Reconstruction

slide-79
SLIDE 79

Northern Support Wanes

  • “Grantism” (corruption/

disinterest)

  • Panic of 1873 (6-year

depression)

  • Distractions
  • Westward expansion &

Indian wars

slide-80
SLIDE 80
  • Monetary issues
  • Should war bonds be

repaid in specie or greenbacks?

slide-81
SLIDE 81
slide-82
SLIDE 82
slide-83
SLIDE 83
slide-84
SLIDE 84

“The Compromise of 1877”

slide-85
SLIDE 85
slide-86
SLIDE 86

Alas, the Woes of Childhood… Sammy Tilden— Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes has got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

slide-87
SLIDE 87

“The Art of the Deal”

slide-88
SLIDE 88
  • 1. What did the

Democrats want in return for a Hayes victory?

  • 2. Why was Tilden

unlikely to win the Presidency once the electoral college tied?

slide-89
SLIDE 89
  • 3. Why were the

Republicans so eager to

  • fficially end

Reconstruction in exchange for securing the executive office?

slide-90
SLIDE 90

1.2 “Go West, Young Man!”: 1865-1900

slide-91
SLIDE 91

1.2.1 Native American Cultures and Policies 1.2.2 The “Wild West”? 1.2.3 How the West Was Really “Won” 1.2.4 The Legend(s) of the West

slide-92
SLIDE 92

1.2.1 Native American Cultures and Policies

slide-93
SLIDE 93
  • Diverse Subsistence

Cultures

  • Some natives inhabited

permanent settlements;

  • thers lived in temporary

camps

  • Crop growing, livestock

raising, hunting…

Economic Activities of Native Peoples

slide-94
SLIDE 94
slide-95
SLIDE 95
  • Slaughter of Buffalo
  • White migrants entered

and competed with natives over natural resources

  • By 1880s, only a few

hundred of the 25 million buffalo remained from 1820

slide-96
SLIDE 96

1860: Navajo raided Fort Defiance in Arizona

  • Army responded by

attacking and starving

  • ut the Navajo
  • 1863-64… “Long Walk”

from homeland to reservations

Indian Policy / White Man’s Wars

slide-97
SLIDE 97
slide-98
SLIDE 98
  • Custer’s Last Stand
  • Dawes Act:

government distributed land to natives in hopes to assimilate them

slide-99
SLIDE 99
slide-100
SLIDE 100

1.2.2 The “Wild West”?

slide-101
SLIDE 101
  • Western movement

brought territories to the threshold of statehood

  • Lawlessness of the

West

  • Places like Deadwood,

in Dakota Territory and Tombstone, Arizona

  • Gave region notoriety

and romance

slide-102
SLIDE 102
  • West attracted gamblers,

thieves, and opportunists

  • Earp brothers, “Bat”

Masterson and “Doc” Holliday… operated on both sides of the law

  • Feud between the

Clantons and the Earps… shootout 10/26/1881 at OK Corral

slide-103
SLIDE 103
slide-104
SLIDE 104

Doc Holliday

slide-105
SLIDE 105

Bat Masterson

slide-106
SLIDE 106

1.2.3 How the West Was Really “Won”

slide-107
SLIDE 107
  • Rights to water
  • Prior appropriation:

awarded a river’s water to the first person that claimed it

Irrigation and Transportation

slide-108
SLIDE 108
  • Riparian rights: only

those who owned land could appropriate from the water’s flow

  • The river was owned by

God

  • Railroad Construction
slide-109
SLIDE 109
  • By 1880s, almost all

railroad lines adopted standard-gauge rails so that their tracks could connect with

  • ne another

Standard Gauge

slide-110
SLIDE 110
slide-111
SLIDE 111
  • Railroad schedules

required nationwide standardization of time

  • 1883, nation’s railroads

agreed to establish four standard time zones

Standard Time

slide-112
SLIDE 112
slide-113
SLIDE 113
  • Mail-Order companies
  • Montgomery Ward

and Sears: 1870s and 1880s

  • Ward advertised

“everything for sale that a person might want”

Commercialization

slide-114
SLIDE 114
  • Rural Free Delivery
  • 1896… Government

made RFD widely available

  • Letters, newspapers,

and catalogues now available at roadside mailboxes

slide-115
SLIDE 115
  • Vaqueros
  • Indian and Mexican

Cowboys

  • Tended the herds

and rounded up cattle

  • Cattle raising

became increasingly profitable

Ranching Frontier

slide-116
SLIDE 116
slide-117
SLIDE 117
  • Open Range
  • Vast pastures were

needed to graze herds

  • Barbed Wire
  • Cheap and durable

means of enclosure

  • “Don’t Fence Me

In” (Cole Porter)

slide-118
SLIDE 118

1.2.4 The Legend(s) of the West

slide-119
SLIDE 119
  • Turner looked at West

as home of democratic spirit of America

  • Buffalo Bill’s version

was that of a battlefield

Frederick Jackson Turner & Buffalo Bill

slide-120
SLIDE 120
slide-121
SLIDE 121
slide-122
SLIDE 122
slide-123
SLIDE 123
slide-124
SLIDE 124
slide-125
SLIDE 125
slide-126
SLIDE 126
slide-127
SLIDE 127
slide-128
SLIDE 128
slide-129
SLIDE 129

Government Land Policy

Railroad land grants (1850-1871)

  • Granted 181 million

acres to railroads to encourage construction and development

slide-130
SLIDE 130

Homestead Act (1862)

  • Gave 80 million acres

to settlers to encourage settlement

slide-131
SLIDE 131

Morrill Act (1862)

  • Granted 11 million

acres to states to sell to fund public agricultural colleges

slide-132
SLIDE 132

Other grants

  • Granted 129 million

acres to states to sell for other educational and related purposes

slide-133
SLIDE 133

Dawes Act (1887)

  • Allotted some reservation

lands to individual Indians to promote private property and weaken tribal values among Indians and

  • ffered remaining

reservation lands for sale to whites (by 1906, some 75 million acres had been acquired by whites)

slide-134
SLIDE 134

Various laws

  • Permitted direct sales
  • f 100 million acres by

the Land Office