Overview Presentation: Industry Acclaim for Safety for the Long Haul Safety for the Long Haul Large Truck Crash Risk, Causation, & Prevention “Every truck safety professional in the country • The first and only comprehensive textbook should read this book. And every trucking company on large truck safety! owner or chief executive, upon whom the ultimate • Published by the American Trucking responsibility for safety lies, should be familiar with it. And Associations (ATA). so should the next chief of the Federal Motor Carrier • Sponsor: ATA Safety Policy David Osiecki, p y y Safety Administration Safety Administration. . . What Ron Knipling . . . has What Ron Knipling has VP of Safety, Security, & Operations attempted here is to put forth in one document, for the first • Author: Ronald R. Knipling, Ph.D. time, the current best understanding of the theory and • Target audiences: practice of truck safety . . . Knipling’s style is – Carrier safety managers & other officials straightforward and efficient, and he has a passion for the subject that carries him through.” – Government & industry officials – Students Oliver B. Patton, Heavy Duty Trucking Magazine, • Purchase at (866) 821-3468 or March 2009. www.atabusinesssolutions.com/ Safety for the Long Haul A Truckload of Information! Author: Ronald R. Knipling, Ph.D. The First Comprehensive Text on Truck Safety • 33 years in truck & traffic safety Multifaceted & eclectic: – 18 years in contract R&D, including seven years with the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute More than 100 topics covered – 12 years in U.S. DOT, including FMCSA, NHTSA, & FHWA. Fact-filled but non-technical • Author of more than 200 truck safety [~ college survey textbook] reports & presentations p p 620 pages • Specialty areas include: – Crash data analysis 196 illustrations, schematics, – Crash causation (LTCCS) & graphs – Naturalistic driving – Driver fatigue 156 tables & textboxes on special – Onboard technologies topics – Carrier safety management – Risk avoidance 18 invited expert commentaries • Accomplished trainer & instructional Glossary, reference citations, & index developer. Expert Commentators Safety for the Long Haul Book Purposes • Dr. Greg Belenky, Wash. • Dr. Jerry Krueger, State University Krueger Consulting Useful Information • Dan Blower, UMTRI • Gordon Lambert, • Summarize crash causation C. R. England • Roger Clarke, Alberta safety facts & principles Transportation • Dr. Brenda Lantz, NDSU • Review & recommend crash • Dr. Leonard Evans; SSS • Dave Osiecki, ATA countermeasures & countermeasures & interventio ns (carrier • Gov. Bill Graves, ATA • Don Osterberg, emphasis). Schneider National • Dr. Rich Hanowski, VTTI • Doug Pape, Battelle • Bob Inderbitzen, New Directions: REI Consulting • Dave Parker, Great West • Articulate the need & • Steve Keppler, CVSA • Larry Shelton, opportunity for a shift in our America’s Road Team • Dr. Peter Kissinger, AAA national approach to truck Safety Foundation • Steve Williams, Maverick safety. 1
Chapter 1: Safety for the Long Haul Introduction & Overview Chapters Crash Fundamentals & Trends 1. Introduction & Overview 2. The Science of Safety Decline in Fatal Crash Involvement Rates 3. Driver Risk 4. Driver Error 6 Crashes 5. Driver Fatigue 5 VMT 6. 6 4-Wheelers 4 Wheelers Vehicles in Fatal Per 100M V 4 7. Vehicle Design & Technologies Large Trucks 3 8. Roadway & Traffic Environment Passenger Vehicles 9. Focus: Selected Crash Types 2 10. Carrier Safety Management 1 11. Special Topics in Carrier Operations 0 12. What About Regulation, Enforcement, & Compliance? Year 13. Beyond Compliance. Basic Concepts: Risk & Causation Chapter 2 The Science of Safety: Methods • Experiments • Crash Databases • LTCCS & Other Investigative Studies Investigative Studies • Case-Control & Correlational Studies • Naturalistic Driving • Driver Risk vs. Driver Error Studies • Risk: – Situational (e.g., roadway, traffic) – Driver Personal: • Surveys. • Enduring • Temporary • Driver Error: Misbehaviors vs. Mistakes. Pros & Cons of Safety Research Methods Chapter 3: Driver Risk Method Pros Cons Relative Exposure & Risk for High & Low Risk Groups • Determines causation • Narrow Experiments • Precise • Expensive Crash • Problem size • No control group • Conditions of occurrence • Superficial Databases Worst • In-depth, serious crashes • No control group 19% In-Depth • Error & causal taxonomies • Small Ns 53% 53% Investigation Investigation • Multiple methods • Multiple methods • Expensive • Expensive Case-Control, • Criterion-based • Association, not causation Rest • Many diverse factors • Noisy data 81% Correlational • Direct observation • Not serious crashes 47% Naturalistic • Exquisite exposure data • Triggers are selective Driving • Large Ns (e.g., driver risk) • Expensive Surveys • Fast & easy • Opinion Hours of Driving At-Fault Events • Flexible • Representativeness • Directly taps expertise problematic Risk Odds Ratio = 4.9 2
Chapter 4: Driver Error Major Factors Underlying Driver Risk • Age & gender Past Offenses & Crash Risk Elevation • Physical & medical • Personality • Personality • Behavioral disorders • Behavioral indicators Source: ATRI Driver Crash Prediction Study Convergence of Events Causing Crashes Chapter 5: Driver Fatigue The “Swiss Cheese” Causation Model Causes of Fatigue: the “Gang of Four” • Individual Susceptibility • Three Temporal Factors: Th T l F t – Circadian valleys – Inadequate sleep – Excessive time awake Adapted from Reason (1990) and Short et al. (2007). Daily Temporal Factors Affecting Fatigue: Chapter 6: 4-Wheelers Sleep-Performance “Bathtub” • Circadian highs & lows • Sleep • Hours of wakefulness (>16 hours). Note: Fault is distributed more evenly in less severe crashes. Source: Blower, 1998 3
Chapter 7: 4-Wheeler Misbehaviors Vehicle Design & Technologies 45% Truck Systems & Alcohol Use in LTCCS Rear-End Crash Involvements 40% Fatal Car-Truck Crashes 25% 35% 23% 30% ucks 20% 18% ol Use 25% Percent of Tru % Alcoho Truck Drivers 15% 20% Car Drivers Striking 15% 10% 8% 10% Struck 5% 4% 5% 0% 0% Brake OOS Lighting OOS Plotted from Blower & Campbell, 1998 Chapter 8: Collision Warning Systems; Roadway & Traffic Environme nt e.g., Side Object, Forward, & Lane Departure Risky Locations & Conditions: Curves & ramps Grades Undivided roadways y Work zones Dense traffic; e.g., urban rush hours Adverse weather Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety System (IVBSS) Truck Configuration High-Risk Roadway Locations & Night Driving: Generally Safe for Trucks Conditions; e.g., Undivided Highways 24-Hour Fatal Crash Rate Patterns: Relative Exposure & Risk: CTs & Light Vehicles Undivided & Divided Highways 6.00 rash Rate 5.00 Undivided 10% 4.00 38% 38% Relative Fatal C CTs 3.00 LVs 2.00 Divided 90% 1.00 62% 0.00 Hour-of-Day Exposure Traffic Conflicts Risk Odds Ratio = 5.3 Source: Hendrix, 2002 4
Rear-End Crashes Chapter 9: Lead-Vehicle Stopped (LVS) & Lead-Vehicle Moving (LVM) Focus: Selected Crash Types Greatest Source of Carrier Liability • Road Departure* Combination-Unit Truck Per-Vehicle Crash Costs • Head-On RE-LVS CRs : s, One CT Life Cycle $7,000 • Rollovers • Recognition failures (31%) $6,000 • Degraded braking (19%) • Jackknifes $5,000 • Physical impairment (10%) $4,000 • Rear-End* • Signs/signals missing (10%) $3,000 • • Lane Change/Merge* Lane Change/Merge • Following too closely (8%) • Following too closely (8%) Avg Costs $2 000 $2,000 $1,000 • Backing $- • Crossing Path (Intersection) RE-LVM CRs : • Following too closely (33%) * = “Big 3” • Too fast (25%) • Recognition failures (20%) • Other vehicle at-fault (16%) Chapter 10: Safety Management Performance Matrix Carrier Safety Management Relation Between Selection Scores & Employee Job Performance for Hypothetical Job Internal External Correlation Coefficient (r) = +0.68 Contributed by Greer Woodruff, J. B. Hunt Increasing Safety Belt Use Chapter 11: Special Topics in Carrier Operations Unbelted & Belted Truck Drivers How Improved Retention Also Improves Safety (& Vice-Versa!) $160,000 njury Severity ($) $140,000 Internal $120,000 $100,000 $80,000 Unbelted Driver In $60,000 $40,000 Belted External $20,000 $- Rollover Angle All Crashes Crash Categories 5
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