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SLIDE 16 ! )"(%(*+&$,*(-(%&.(/* ! '4,,40:3$06$A0::2A>25$ A01H9>4:T$52R4A23$ ! ;9::4:T$:2>V07W$+HH3$ $ ! 0"..1$#23%#"$*4#$5(* ! *4Z27<$A0HH27<$7+540<$ 3+>2,,4>2$ ! N7+:3143340:$7+>2$l$ Z+:5V45>?$ $ ! 6"1%&'(* ! *07V+75$H+AW2>3$ fA?9:W3$06$5+>+g$ Z2>V22:$,4:W3$ (M(a$ 709>27$ V4725$ ,4:W3$ +AA233$$ H04:>3$ #"$ 327R27$ V472,233$ ,+H>0H$ A2,,9,+7$$ ?+:5?2,5$ ^012$:2>V07W$ @:3>4>9>40:+,$:2>V07W$ '0Z4,2$:2>V07W$ P,0Z+,$@/#$ ;2T40:+,$@/#$

SLIDE 17 ! 7'"%"2"4(** ! "0:>70,$32:54:T$+:5$72A24R4:T$06$ 1233+T23$ ! 2DTD<$N"#<$@#<$^NN#<$/WSH2<$$!>?27:2>$ $ ! @:>27:2>$3>+:5+753$ ! O?0$1+W23$f3012$06g$>?2$H70>0A0,3i$ ! @!N*B$@:>27:2>$!:T4:2274:T$N+3W$*07A2$ ! ;*"B$;2d923>$607$A0112:>3$ ! 8$%&'$&%B$m:2>V07W$06$:2>V07W3n$ ! [0032,S$?427+7A?4A+,$ ! #9Z,4A$A.&'(.'&)R27393$H74R+>2$-.&(@.'&) (M()$ ^012$:2>V07W$ @:3>4>9>40:+,$:2>V07W$ '0Z4,2$:2>V07W$ P,0Z+,$@/#$ ;2T40:+,$@/#$

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SLIDE 20 );<=>*76?@?0?A* 0?<7;@C6*>C@D?6E* 76?@?0?A* (M-.$ ^4$ ^4$ O?+>o3$>?2$ >412i$

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SLIDE 21 ! O?+>$43$>?2$@:>27:2>i$ ! U2>V07W$25T2$ ! $!:5$3S3>213<$+AA233$:2>V07W3<$,4:W3$ ! U2>V07W$A072$ ! $"47A94>$3V4>A?4:T<$H+AW2>$3V4>A?4:T<$:2>V07W$3>79A>972$ ! #276071+:A2B$C2,+S<$,033$+:5$>?709T?H9>$4:$ H+AW2>M3V4>A?25$:2>V07W3$ ! #70>0A0,$,+S273<$327R4A2$1052,3$ ! U2>V07W3$9:527$+>>+AWB$32A974>S$ (M-($

SLIDE 22 ! >&%I"'5*&,J&$ ! KHH,4A+>40:3$+:5$?03>3$ ! =22&((*$&%I"'5(*3$,* !F-(#234*.&,#3* ! O4725<$V472,233$ A0119:4A+>40:$,4:W3$ ! >&%I"'5*2"'&** ! @:>27A0::2A>25$709>273$ ! U2>V07W$06$:2>V07W3$ (M--$

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SLIDE 25 ! )"I*,"*-"1*2"$$&2%*F"(%(*%"* %F&*$&3'&(%*&,J&*'"1%&'M* ! ;23452:>4+,$+AA233$:2>V07W$ ! @:3>4>9>40:+,$+AA233$:2>V07W3$ f3A?00,<$A01H+:Sg$ ! '0Z4,2$+AA233$:2>V07W3$ $ ! "0:A27:3$ ! b+:5V45>?$fZ4>3$H27$32A0:5g$06$ +AA233$:2>V07W$ ! ?%F&'*2"$2&'$(M* ! /?+725$07$5254A+>25i$ ! "03>i$ ! ;2,4+Z4,4>Si$ ! b,0AW4:T$%$I,>274:Ti$ (M-=$

SLIDE 26 ! C4+,M9H$10521$ ! C4T4>+,$/9Z3A74Z27$[4:2$fC/[g$ ! "+Z,2$'0521$ ! *4Z27$>0$>?2$?012$ ! !>?27:2>$ ! O472,233$[KU$ ! O452M+72+$V472,233$ ! DF3%*,"*-"1*1(&M*

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SLIDE 28 ! '23?$06$4:>27A0::2A>25$709>273$ ! *9:5+12:>+,$d923>40:B$F"I*#(* ,3%3*%'3$(9&''&,*%F'"1JF*.&(FM* ! 0#'21#%*(I#%2F#$J* ! C254A+>25$A47A94>$H27$A+,,$ ! mA,+334An$>2,2H?0:2$:2>V07W$ ! 7325&%O(I#%2F#$JP* ! C+>+$32:>$>?79$123?$4:$543A72>2$ mA?9:W3n$ ! DF#2F*.&%F",*#(*1(&,*#$*%F&* 8$%&'$&%M$ ! #+AW2>$3V4>A?4:T$+>$>?2$?4T?23>$ ,+S27$ ! /012$A47A94>$3V4>A?4:T$f0,527g$ 9:527:2+>?Y$ (M-c$

SLIDE 29 ! !:5M2:5$723097A23$72327R25$ ! U0$3?+74:T$ ! *4`25$,4:W$Z+:5V45>?$+:5$$ 3V4>A?$A+H+A4>S$ ! P9+7+:>225$H276071+:A2$ ! [4:W$193>$Z2$32>9H$Z26072$932$ ! U2>V07W$723097A23$f2DTD<$ Z+:5V45>?g$54R4525$4:>0$ mH42A23n$ ! #42A23$+,,0A+>25$>0$932$ ! #42A2$45,2$46$:0>$9325$ZS$9327$ f:0$3?+74:Tg$ ! *72d92:AS$54R4340:$07$>412$ 54R4340:$ (M-e$

SLIDE 30 (ML.$ FDM frequency time TDM frequency time 4 users Example:

SLIDE 31 ! !+A?$2:5M2:5$5+>+$3>72+1$ 54R4525$4:>0$H+AW2>3$ ! Q327$K<$b$H+AW2>3$3?+72$ :2>V07W$723097A23$$ ! !+A?$H+AW2>$9323$69,,$,4:W$ Z+:5V45>?$$ ! ;23097A23$9325$+3$:22525$$ ! ;23097A2$A0:>2:>40:$$ ! KTT72T+>2$723097A2$ 521+:5$A+:$2`A225$ +109:>$+R+4,+Z,2$ ! "0:T23>40:B$H+AW2>3$ 193>$V+4>$4:$d9292$ ! />072$+:5$607V+75B$ H+AW2>3$10R2$0:2$?0H$ +>$+$>412$ ! ;2A24R2$A01H,2>2$H+AW2>$ Z26072$607V+754:T$ (ML($ b+:5V45>?$54R4340:$4:>0$mH42A23n$ C254A+>25$+,,0A+>40:$ ;23097A2$72327R+>40:$

SLIDE 32 (ML-$ ! /2d92:A2$06$K$j$b$H+AW2>3$5023$:0>$?+R2$I`25$H+>>27:<$ Z+:5V45>?$3?+725$0:$521+:5$!$!"#"$!"$%#&'()&"$*&+,$-.D$ ! "0:>7+3>$+T+4:3>$A47A94>$3V4>A?4:T$%$>412M54R4340:$19,>4H,2`4:T$ ! !+A?$?03>$T2>3$3+12$3,0>$fI`25$H+>>27:g$ K$ b$ "$ (..$'Z%3$ !>?27:2>$ (D=$'Z%3$ C$ !$ !"#"$!"$%#&'()&"$*&+,$-.$ d9292$06$H+AW2>3$ V+4>4:T$607$09>H9>$ ,4:W$

SLIDE 33 (MLL$ ! N+W23$[%;$32A0:53$>0$>7+:314>$ fH93?$09>g$H+AW2>$06$[$Z4>3$0:$>0$ ,4:W$+>$;$ZH3$ ! E&"(')@.2)C"(+@(2;)2:>472$ H+AW2>$193>$$+774R2$+>$709>27$ Z26072$4>$A+:$Z2$>7+:314>>25$0:$ :2`>$,4:W$ ! N0>+,$52,+S$>0$32:5$1233+T2i$ ! C2,+S$l$L[%;$ ! K33914:T$X270$H70H+T+>40:$52,+S$ !`+1H,2B$ ! [$l$)D=$'Z4>3$ ! ;$l$(D=$'ZH3$ ! >7+:3143340:$52,+S$l$ (=$32A$ ;$ ;$ ;$ [$ 1072$0:$52,+S$3?07>,S$Y$

SLIDE 34 ! ($'Z%3$,4:W$ ! !+A?$9327B$$ ! (..$WZ%3$V?2:$m+A>4R2n$ ! KA>4R2$(.h$06$>412$ ! 0#'21#%O(I#%2F#$JP** ! (.$93273$1+`$ ! 7325&%*(I#%2F#$JP** ! O4>?$L=$93273<$ H70Z+Z4,4>S$q$(.$+A>4R2$ +>$3+12$>412$43$,233$ >?+:$D...\$ (ML\$ F@:,'&)1+-&:7-./)@66"+1)#"(')%1'(1)&")%1').'&+"(,G) N users$ 1 Mbps link$

SLIDE 35 ! 8(*!325&%*(I#%2F#$J*!&'9&2%*#$*344*(#%13%#"$(M* ! fN?4:W$+Z09>$S097$0V:$2`H2742:A23g$ ! P72+>$607$Z973>S$5+>+$ ! ;23097A2$3?+74:T$ ! /41H,27<$:0$A+,,$32>9H$ ! [233$T72+>$2`A2334R2$A0:T23>40:B$H+AW2>$52,+S$+:5$,033$ ! #70>0A0,3$:22525$607$72,4+Z,2$5+>+$>7+:3627$+:5$A0:T23>40:$ A0:>70,$ ! /012$+HH,4A+>40:3$72+,,S$V+:>$A47A94>M,4W2$Z2?+R407$ ! />72+14:T$R4520<$3>72+14:T$+9540<$4:>27+A>4R2$T+123<$Y$ ! @6$3>72+14:T$R4520$5+>+$+774R23$,+>2<$4>$43$932,233$ ! b+:5V45>?$%$,+>2:AS$f52,+Sg$T9+7+:>223$:22525$$ ! />4,,$+:$9:30,R25$H70Z,21r$ (ML=$

SLIDE 36 ! ;09T?,S$?427+7A?4A+,$ ! K>$A2:>27B$Q%#&'ORS*8B7(*V4>?$:+>40:+,%4:>27:+>40:+,$ A0R27+T2$ ! N72+>$2+A?$0>?27$+3$2d9+,3$ ! !`+1H,23B$sV23><$/H74:><$UNN<$[L<$KNjNY$ (MLa$ N427$($@/#$ N427$($@/#$ N427$($@/#$ N427M($ H70R45273$ 4:>27A0::2A>$ fH227g$ H74R+>2,S$

SLIDE 37 (ML)$ Y$ to/from customers peering to/from backbone YD$ Y$ Y$ Y$ POP: point-of-presence

SLIDE 38 (MLc$ ! mN427M-n$@/#3B$31+,,27$f06>2:$72T40:+,g$@/#3$ ! "0::2A>$>0$0:2$07$1072$>427M($@/#3<$H0334Z,S$0>?27$>427M-$@/#3$ $ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ N427M-$@/#$H+S3$ >427M($@/#$607$ A0::2A>4R4>S$>0$723>$ 06$@:>27:2>$ f>?2S$+72$+$ :%1&"#'($06$>?2$ N427M($H70R4527$ N427M-$@/#3$+,30$ H227$H74R+>2,S$ V4>?$2+A?$0>?27D$

SLIDE 39 (MLe$ ! mN427MLn$@/#3$+:5$,0A+,$@/#3$$ ! ,+3>$?0H$fm+AA233ng$:2>V07W$fA,0323>$>0$2:5$3S3>213g$ $ $ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ Tier 3 ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ [0A+,$+:5$>427M$L$ @/#3$+72$ :%1&"#'(1$06$ ?4T?27$>427$@/#3$ A0::2A>4:T$>?21$ >0$723>$06$ @:>27:2>$

SLIDE 40 (M\.$ ! K$H+AW2>$H+3323$>?709T?$1+:S$:2>V07W3$ $ $ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier 1 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ Tier-2 ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ Tier 3 ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$ local ISP$

SLIDE 41 ! O?+>$43$>?2$@:>27:2>i$ ! U2>V07W$25T2$ ! $!:5$3S3>213<$+AA233$:2>V07W3<$,4:W3$ ! U2>V07W$A072$ ! $"47A94>$3V4>A?4:T<$H+AW2>$3V4>A?4:T<$:2>V07W$3>79A>972$ ! #276071+:A2B$C2,+S<$,033$+:5$>?709T?H9>$4:$ H+AW2>M3V4>A?25$:2>V07W3$ ! #70>0A0,$,+S273<$327R4A2$1052,3$ ! U2>V07W3$9:527$+>>+AWB$32A974>S$ (M\($

SLIDE 42 (M\-$ #+AW2>3$H%'%'$4:$709>27$Z9F273$$ ! #+AW2>$+774R+,$7+>2$>0$,4:W$2`A2253$09>H9>$,4:W$A+H+A4>S$ ! #+AW2>3$d9292$+:5$V+4>$607$>97:$ K$ b$ H+AW2>$Z24:T$>7+:314>>25$f52,+Sg$ H+AW2>3$d92924:T$f52,+Sg$ 6722$f+R+4,+Z,2g$Z9F273$ +774R4:T$H+AW2>3$+72$570HH25$f,033g$46$:0$6722$Z9F273$

SLIDE 43 ! (D$U052$H70A2334:TB$$ ! "?2AW$Z4>$277073$ ! C2>2714:2$09>H9>$,4:W$ ! *4`25$>412$ ! -D$s92924:T$ ! N412$V+4>4:T$+>$09>H9>$ ,4:W$607$>7+:3143340:$$ ! ]+74+Z,2$>412B$52H2:53$ 0:$A0:T23>40:$,2R2,$06$ 709>27$ (M\L$ A$ B$ H70H+T+>40:$ >7+:3143340:$ :05+,$ H70A2334:T$ d92924:T$

SLIDE 44 ! LD$N7+:3143340:$52,+SB$ ! [lH+AW2>$,2:T>?$fZ4>3g$ ! ;l,4:W$Z+:5V45>?$fZH3g$ ! >412$>0$32:5$Z4>3$4:>0$,4:W$ $l$[%;$ ! N412$R+7423$ZS$H+AW2>$34X2$ ! \D$#70H+T+>40:$52,+SB$ ! 5$l$,2:T>?$06$H?S34A+,$,4:W$ ! 3$l$H70H+T+>40:$3H225$4:$ 125491$ft-`(.c$1%32Ag$ ! H70H+T+>40:$52,+S$l$5%3$ (M\\$ A$ B$ propagation$ transmission$ nodal processing$ queueing$ U0>2B$3$+:5$;$+72$8'(3)54F272:>$ d9+:>4>423r$

SLIDE 45 (M\=$ ! 5H70A$l$H70A2334:T$52,+S$ ! >SH4A+,,S$+$62V$14A7032A3$07$,233$ ! 5d9292$l$d9294:T$52,+S$ ! 52H2:53$0:$A0:T23>40:$ ! 5>7+:3$l$>7+:3143340:$52,+S$ ! l$[%;<$34T:4IA+:>$607$,0VM3H225$,4:W3$ ! 5H70H$l$H70H+T+>40:$52,+S$ ! +$62V$14A7032A3$>0$?9:57253$06$132A3$ prop trans queue proc nodal d d d d d + + + =

SLIDE 46 (M\a$ ! "+73$mH70H+T+>2n$+>$$ (..$W1%?7$ ! N0,,$Z00>?$>+W23$(-$32A$>0$ 327R4A2$A+7$f>7+:3143340:$ >412g$ ! "+7tZ4>u$"+7+R+:tH+AW2>$ ! )"I*4"$J*1$%#4*&$,*"9* 23'3:3$*'&32F&(*T$,*%"44* U""%FM* $ ! N412$>0$mH93?n$2:>472$ A+7+R+:$>?709T?$>0,,$Z00>?$ 0:>0$?4T?V+S$l$(-v(.$l$(-.$ 32A$ ! N412$607$,+3>$A+7$>0$ H70H+T+>2$6701$(3>$>0$-:5$ >0,,$Z0>?B$(..W1%f(..W1%?7g l$($?7$ ! VT*.#$1%&(* %"44** U""%F* %"44** U""%F* %&$O23'** 23'3:3$* RWW*5.* RWW*5.*

SLIDE 47 (M\)$ ! "+73$:0V$mH70H+T+>2n$+>$$ (...$W1%?7$ ! N0,,$Z00>?$:0V$>+W23$($ 14:$>0$327R4A2$+$A+7$ ! D#44*23'(*3''#:&*%"*T$,* U""%F*U&9"'&*344*23'(* (&':#2&,*3%*R(%*U""%FM* $ ! w23r$K6>27$)$14:<$(3>$A+7$+>$-:5$ Z00>?$+:5$L$A+73$3>4,,$+>$(3>$ Z00>?D$ ! (3>$Z4>$06$H+AW2>$A+:$+774R2$+>$

:5$709>27$Z26072$H+AW2>$43$

69,,S$>7+:314>>25$+>$(3>$709>27r$ %"44** U""%F* %"44** U""%F* %&$O23'** 23'3:3$* RWW*5.* RWW*5.*

SLIDE 48 (M\c$ ! ;l,4:W$Z+:5V45>?$fZH3g$ ! [lH+AW2>$,2:T>?$fZ4>3g$ ! +l+R27+T2$H+AW2>$+774R+,$7+>2$ traffic intensity = La/R " [+%;$t$.B$+R27+T2$d92924:T$52,+S$31+,,$ " [+%;$Mq$(B$52,+S3$Z2A012$,+7T2$ " [+%;$q$(B$1072$mV07Wn$+774R4:T$>?+:$A+:$Z2$327R4A25<$+R27+T2$ 52,+S$4:I:4>2r$

SLIDE 49 (M\e$ ! O?+>$50$m72+,n$@:>27:2>$52,+S$j$,033$,00W$,4W2i$$ ! Traceroute$H70T7+1B$H70R4523$52,+S$12+397212:>$ 6701$3097A2$>0$709>27$+,0:T$2:5M2:5$@:>27:2>$H+>?$ >0V+753$523>4:+>40:D$$*07$+,,$-;) ! /2:53$>?722$H+AW2>3$>?+>$V4,,$72+A?$709>27$-$0:$H+>?$>0V+753$ 523>4:+>40:$ ! ;09>27$-$V4,,$72>97:$H+AW2>3$>0$32:527$ ! /2:527$12+39723$>412$Z2>V22:$>7+:3143340:$+:5$72H,SD$ 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes

SLIDE 50 (M=.$ dhcp-10-10-207-20:~ shafer$ traceroute -a www.msu.ru traceroute to www.msu.ru (193.232.113.151), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets 1 [AS0] 138.9.253.252 (138.9.253.252) 0.740 ms 0.741 ms 1.290 ms 2 [AS0] 74.202.6.5 (74.202.6.5) 5.245 ms 15.006 ms 5.142 ms 3 [AS4323] sjc1-pr1-xe-0-0-0-0.us.twtelecom.net (66.192.251.170) 6.414 ms 6.640 ms 17.283 ms 4 [AS6453] if-10-0-0-56.core3.sqn-sanjose.as6453.net (209.58.116.50) 6.628 ms * [AS6453] if-13-0-0-55.core3.sqn-sanjose.as6453.net (66.198.97.9) 7.056 ms 5 [AS6453] if-9-0-0.mcore4.pdi-paloalto.as6453.net (216.6.33.6) 68.184 ms [AS6453] if-6-0-0-1145.mcore4.pdi-paloalto.as6453.net (216.6.86.45) 8.120 ms [AS6453] if-9-0-0.mcore4.pdi-paloalto.as6453.net (216.6.33.6) 491.007 ms 6 [AS11029] if-0-0-0-892.mcore3.njy-newark.as6453.net (209.58.124.25) 78.807 ms 109.426 ms 78.890 ms 7 [AS15706] if-4-0-0.core1.fv0-frankfurt.as6453.net (195.219.69.29) 167.206 ms 167.461 ms 167.002 ms 8 [AS15706] if-0-0-0.core1.fr1-frankfurt.as6453.net (195.219.69.54) 171.256 ms 171.844 ms 174.118 ms 9 [AS6453] if-7-1-0-1310.core1.stk-stockholm.as6453.net (195.219.131.45) 1180.587 ms 437.592 ms 586.125 ms 10 [AS6453] ix-4-0-1.core1.stk-stockholm.as6453.net (195.219.131.22) 200.475 ms 200.301 ms 201.106 ms 11 [AS3267] b57-1-gw.spb.runnet.ru (194.85.40.129) 216.199 ms 216.117 ms 214.311 ms 12 [AS3267] bl16-1-gw.spb.runnet.ru (194.85.40.78) 214.723 ms 214.463 ms 214.494 ms 13 [AS3267] bm18-1-gw.spb.runnet.ru (194.85.40.169) 214.608 ms 214.504 ms 214.493 ms 14 [AS3267] tv11-1-gw.msk.runnet.ru (194.85.40.137) 214.260 ms 214.360 ms 214.478 ms 15 [AS3267] m9-2-gw.msk.runnet.ru (194.85.40.53) 214.752 ms 214.496 ms 214.882 ms 16 [AS3267] msu.msk.runnet.ru (194.190.255.234) 214.197 ms 214.907 ms 214.656 ms 17 [AS2848] 193.232.127.12 (193.232.127.12) 214.501 ms 214.166 ms 214.531 ms 18 [AS2848] 193.232.113.151 (193.232.113.151) 214.864 ms !Z 214.666 ms !Z 214.522 ms !Z >7+A2709>2B$1S$,+H>0H$x$H+A4IA$>0$VVVD139D79$ N?722$52,+S$12+397212:>3$ >7+:3M0A2+:4A$ ,4:W$

SLIDE 51 (M=($ ! s9292$f+W+$Z9F27g$H72A254:T$,4:W$4:$Z9F27$?+3$ I:4>2$A+H+A4>S$ ! #+AW2>$+774R4:T$>0$69,,$d9292$570HH25$f+W+$,03>g$ ! [03>$H+AW2>$1+S$Z2$72>7+:314>>25$ZS$H72R4093$ :052<$ZS$3097A2$2:5$3S3>21<$07$$"%*3%*344G* A$ B$ H+AW2>$Z24:T$>7+:314>>25$ H+AW2>$+774R4:T$>0$ 69,,$Z9F27$43$6"1&) Z9F27$$ fV+4>4:T$+72+g$

SLIDE 52 (M=-$ ! /012).0*)";$7+>2$fZ4>3%>412$9:4>g$+>$V?4A?$ Z4>3$>7+:3627725$Z2>V22:$32:527%72A24R27$ ! $-!"#-"#-+2)!;$7+>2$+>$T4R2:$H04:>$4:$>412$ ! #3+1#.+;$7+>2$0R27$,0:T27$H27405$06$>412$ 327R27<$V4>?$ I,2$06$*$Z4>3$$ >0$32:5$>0$A,42:>$ ,4:W$A+H+A4>S$ $;3$Z4>3%32A$ ,4:W$A+H+A4>S$ $;A$Z4>3%32A$ $H4H2$>?+>$A+:$A+77S$ k945$+>$7+>2$ $;3$Z4>3%32Ag$ $H4H2$>?+>$A+:$A+77S$ k945$+>$7+>2$ $;A$Z4>3%32Ag$ 327R27$32:53$Z4>3$$ fk945g$4:>0$H4H2$ $

SLIDE 53 (M=L$ ! I1)J)I:))DF3%*#(*3:&'3J&*&$,O&$,*%F'"1JF!1%M* **6(*U#%(N(&2* 62*U#%(N(&2* ! I1)K)I:))DF3%*#(*3:&'3J&*&$,O&$,*%F'"1JF!1%M* 6(*U#%(N(&2* **62*U#%(N(&2* ,4:W$0:$2:5M2:5$H+>?$>?+>$A0:3>7+4:3$$2:5M2:5$>?709T?H9>$ 42""&+-+%5'&$-5'

SLIDE 54 (M=\$ 6(* 6(* 6(* 62* 62* 62* 6* ! (.$A0::2A>40:3$f6+47,Sg$ 3?+72$Z+AWZ0:2$ Z0>>,2:2AW$,4:W$+>$;$ Z4>3%32A$ ! #27MA0::2A>40:$2:5M 2:5$>?709T?H9>B$14: f;A<;3<;%(.g$ ! @:$H7+A>4A2B$;A$07$;3$43$ 06>2:$Z0>>,2:2AW$

SLIDE 55 ! O?+>$43$>?2$@:>27:2>i$ ! U2>V07W$25T2$ ! $!:5$3S3>213<$+AA233$:2>V07W3<$,4:W3$ ! U2>V07W$A072$ ! $"47A94>$3V4>A?4:T<$H+AW2>$3V4>A?4:T<$:2>V07W$3>79A>972$ ! #276071+:A2B$C2,+S<$,033$+:5$>?709T?H9>$4:$ H+AW2>M3V4>A?25$:2>V07W3$ ! #70>0A0,$,+S273<$327R4A2$1052,3$ ! U2>V07W3$9:527$+>>+AWB$32A974>S$ (M==$

SLIDE 56 ! U2>V07W3$+72$A01H,2`$ V4>?$1+:S$H42A23$$ ! ^03>3$ ! ;09>273$ ! [4:W3$06$R+74093$1254+$ ! KHH,4A+>40:3$ ! #70>0A0,3$ ! ^+75V+72<$306>V+72$ ! O2$54R452$:2>V07W$ 69:A>40:3$4:>0$m,+S273n$ ! !+3427$>0$9:5273>+:5$+:5$ 543A933$70,2$06$R+74093$ 52R4A23$ (M=a$

SLIDE 57 ! K$327423$06$3>2H3$ (M=)$ >4AW2>$fH97A?+32g$ $ Z+TT+T2$fA?2AWg$ $ T+>23$f,0+5g$ $ 79:V+S$>+W20F$ $ +47H,+:2$709>4:T$ >4AW2>$fA01H,+4:g$ $ Z+TT+T2$fA,+41g$ $ T+>23$f9:,0+5g$ $ 79:V+S$,+:54:T$ $ +47H,+:2$709>4:T$ +47H,+:2$709>4:T$

SLIDE 58 ! [+S273B$!+A?$,+S273$41H,212:>3$+$327R4A2$ ! R4+$4>3$0V:$4:>27:+,M,+S27$+A>40:3$ ! 72,S4:T$0:$327R4A23$H70R4525$ZS$,+S27$Z2,0V$ (M=c$ ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway (takeoff) airplane routing departure airport arrival airport intermediate air-traffic control centers airplane routing airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim gates (unload) runway (land) airplane routing ticket baggage gate takeoff/landing airplane routing

SLIDE 59 ! )1.3$*;$,&'(%3$,#$J*N*X#(21((#"$* ! C2+,4:T$V4>?$A01H,2`$3S3>213$ ! !`H,4A4>$3>79A>972$3?0V$72,+>40:3?4H$06$Z2>V22:$ A01H0:2:>3$ ! '059,+74X+>40:$2+323$.3#$%&$3$2&$+:5$ 3S3>21$1!,3%&(* ! "+:$A?+:T2$?0V$+$,+S27$43$41H,212:>25$V4>?09>$ 10546S4:T$0>?27$,+S273$fA?+:T2$43$>7+:3H+72:>g$ ! 2DTD<$A?+:T2$4:$T+>2$H70A25972$5023:o>$+F2A>$723>$ 06$3S3>21$ (M=e$

SLIDE 60 (Ma.$ ! KHH,4A+>40:B$39HH07>4:T$:2>V07W$ +HH,4A+>40:3$ ! *N#<$/'N#<$^NN#$ ! N7+:3H07>B$H70A233MH70A233$5+>+$>7+:3627$ ! N"#<$QC#$ ! U2>V07WB$709>4:T$06$5+>+T7+13$6701$ 3097A2$>0$523>4:+>40:$ ! @#<$709>4:T$H70>0A0,3$ ! [4:WB$5+>+$>7+:3627$Z2>V22:$:24T?Z074:T$$ :2>V07W$2,212:>3$ ! !>?27:2>$ ! #?S34A+,B$Z4>3$m0:$>?2$V472n$ 3!!4#23%#"$* * %'3$(!"'%* * $&%I"'5* * 4#$5* * !F-(#234*

SLIDE 61 (Ma($ ! NV0$+5525$,+S273r$ ! H7232:>+>40:B$+,,0V$+HH,4A+>40:3$>0$4:>27H72>$ 12+:4:T$06$5+>+<$2DTD<$2:A7SH>40:<$A01H723340:<$ 1+A?4:2M3H2A4IA$A0:R2:>40:3$ ! 323340:;$3S:A?70:4X+>40:<$A?2AWH04:>4:T<$72A0R27S$ 06$5+>+$2`A?+:T2$ ! @:>27:2>$3>+AW$m14334:Tn$>?232$,+S273r$ ! N?232$327R4A23<$-C).''2'2L$193>$Z2$ 41H,212:>25$4:$+HH,4A+>40:$ ! U22525i$ 3!!4#23%#"$* * !'&(&$%3%#"$* * (&((#"$* * %'3$(!"'%* * $&%I"'5* * 4#$5* * !F-(#234*

SLIDE 62 (Ma-$ ("1'2&* 3!!4#23%#"$* %'3$(!"'%* $&%I"'5* 4#$5* !F-(#234* )%* )$* <* (&J.&$%* )%* ,3%3J'3.* ,&(%#$3%#"$* 3!!4#23%#"$* %'3$(!"'%* $&%I"'5* 4#$5* !F-(#234* )%* )$* )4* <* )%* )$* <* )%* <* <* $&%I"'5* 4#$5* !F-(#234* 4#$5* !F-(#234* )%* )$* )4* <* )%* )$* <* )%* )$* <* )%* )$* )4* <* '"1%&'* (I#%2F* .&((3J&* <* )%* <* )$* 9'3.&*

SLIDE 63 ! N"#B$;2,4+Z,2<$4:M07527$52,4R27S$ ! @#B$Q:M72,4+Z,2<$07527$:0>$T9+7+:>225$ ! '+T4A$ ! $N"#$43$Z94,>$0:$>0H$06$@#r$ ! P72+>$A,0V:$+:+,0TS$ZS$E02,$/H0,3WS$ ?>>HB%%VVVDG02,0:306>V+72DA01%+7>4A,23%[2+WSKZ3>7+A>40:3D?>1,$ aL$

SLIDE 64 a\$ b70+5V+S<$Uw"$ U225$>0$10R2$A,0V:3$6701$b70+5V+S$ >0$^0,,SV005$607$+$:2V$G0Z$

SLIDE 65 a=$ "+7$A7+3?$%$,03>$ C4F272:>$709>23$ /?+R25$?2+5$%$>00$ 9T,S$>0$V07Wr$ '+:S$A+73<$1+:S$A,0V:3$ b+5$>?4:T3$+72$T9+7+:>225$>0$ ?+HH2:$>0$+>$,2+3>$1"#'$06$>?21$

SLIDE 66 aa$ #20H,2$4:$^0,,SV005$T2>$6793>7+>25$_$$ $@>o3$?+75$>0$1+W2$10R423$V4>?$A,0V:3$4:$>?43$A0:54>40:r$

SLIDE 67 ! U2V$A01H+:S$ ! )"44-I"",*CY!'&((* ! P9+7+:>223$>?+>$+,,$A,0V:3$ ! f(g$K774R2$ ! f-g$@:$&7527$ ! fLg$@:$#2762A>$"0:54>40:$ ! '43?+Hi$$"+,,$ +:5$72d923>$ A,0V:o3$>V4:$$ Z70>?27$Z2$$ 32:>$$ 411254+>2,S$ ! Q*&$A7+3?$4:$U2R+5+$Z,0AW3$ ?4T?V+Si$ ! ",0V:3$72M709>25$R4+$K74X0:+$ ! C472A>07$:2R27$2R2:$7'@(1$+Z09>$ >?2$Q*&$A7+3?$ ! ",0V:3$+774R2$+$,4>>,2$1072$ 3,0V,S$ a)$

SLIDE 68 ! N"#$H70R4523$+$3414,+7$72,4+Z,2$52,4R27S$327R4A2$ 607$@#$ ! KZ3>7+A>40:$?+3$4>3$,414>3$ ! !>?27:2>$A+Z,2$A?2V25$ >?709T?$ZS$A+>i$ ! U0$93269,$27707$1233+T2$ 607$>?+>$H70Z,21r$ ! N?2$+Z3>7+A>40:$43$$ m,2+WSn$_$4>$A09,5:o>$3+R2$ >?2$9327$6701$,2+7:4:T$ +Z09>$>?2$A?2V25$A+Z,2$ ac$

SLIDE 69 ! O?+>$43$>?2$@:>27:2>i$ ! U2>V07W$25T2$ ! $!:5$3S3>213<$+AA233$:2>V07W3<$,4:W3$ ! U2>V07W$A072$ ! $"47A94>$3V4>A?4:T<$H+AW2>$3V4>A?4:T<$:2>V07W$3>79A>972$ ! #276071+:A2B$C2,+S<$,033$+:5$>?709T?H9>$4:$ H+AW2>M3V4>A?25$:2>V07W3$ ! #70>0A0,$,+S273<$327R4A2$1052,3$ ! U2>V07W3$9:527$+>>+AWB$32A974>S$ (Mae$

SLIDE 70 ! N?2$I2,5$06$:2>V07W$32A974>S$43$+Z09>B$ ! ^0V$Z+5$T9S3$A+:$3%%325$A01H9>27$:2>V07W3$ ! ^0V$V2$A+:$,&9&$,$:2>V07W3$+T+4:3>$+>>+AW3$ ! ^0V$>0$,&(#J$$+7A?4>2A>9723$>?+>$+72$72343>+:>$>0$ +>>+AW3$ ! @:>27:2>$:0>$074T4:+,,S$5234T:25$V4>?$32A974>S$4:$ 14:5$ ! &74T4:+,$R4340:B$m+$T709H$06$19>9+,,S$>793>4:T$93273$ +>>+A?25$>0$+$>7+:3H+72:>$:2>V07Wn$ ! @:>27:2>$H70>0A0,$5234T:273$H,+S4:T$mA+>A?M9Hn$ ! /2A974>S$A0:34527+>40:3$4:$+,,$,+S273r$ (M).$

SLIDE 71 (M)($ ! '+,V+72$A+:$T2>$4:$?03>$6701$+$R4793<$V071<$07$>70G+:$ ?0732D$ $ ! /HSV+72$+:5$1+,V+72$A+:$72A075$W2S3>70W23<$V2Z$34>23$ R434>25<$9H,0+5$4:60$>0$A0,,2A>40:$34>2D$ $ ! @:62A>25$?03>$A+:$Z2$2:70,,25$4:$+$Z0>:2><$9325$607$3H+1$ +:5$CC0/$+>>+AW3D$ $ ! '+,V+72$43$06>2:$32,6M72H,4A+>4:TB$6701$+:$4:62A>25$?03><$ 322W3$2:>7S$4:>0$0>?27$?03>3$

SLIDE 72 ! N70G+:$?0732$ ! )#,,&$*H+7>$06$3012$ 0>?27V432$93269,$306>V+72$ ! N05+S$06>2:$0:$+$O2Z$H+T2$ ! ]4793$ ! @:62A>40:$ZS$72A24R4:T$ 0ZG2A>$f2DTD<$2M1+4,$ +>>+A?12:>g$+:5$1(&'* 32%#:&4-*&Y&21%&(*#%* ! /2,6M72H,4A+>4:TB$H70H+T+>2$ 4>32,6$>0$0>?27$?03>3<$93273$ ! O071B$ ! @:62A>40:$ZS$!3((#:&4-* '&2&#:#$J*0ZG2A>$>?+>$T2>3$ 4>32,6$2`2A9>25$ ! /2,6M$72H,4A+>4:TB$H70H+T+>23$ >0$0>?27$?03>3<$93273$ (M)-$ Sapphire Worm: aggregate scans/sec in first 5 minutes of outbreak (CAIDA, UWisc data)

SLIDE 73 ! C2:4+,$06$327R4A2$fC0/gB$+>>+AW273$1+W2$723097A23$ f327R27<$Z+:5V45>?g$9:+R+4,+Z,2$>0$,2T4>41+>2$>7+JA$ ZS$0R27V?2,14:T$723097A2$V4>?$Z0T93$>7+JA$ (D /2,2A>$>+7T2>$

D b72+W$4:>0$?03>3$

+709:5$>?2$:2>V07W$ LD /2:5$H+AW2>3$>0V+75$ >+7T2>$6701$$ A01H7014325$?03>3$ (M)L$ target

SLIDE 74 (M)\$ F@:,'&)1.-9./;)) ! Z'"3,23(%*.&,#3$f3?+725$!>?27:2><$V472,233g$ ! F("#-1:%"%1):2>V07W$4:>276+A2$72+53%72A0753$+,,$H+AW2>3$$ f4:A,954:T$H+33V0753<$A7254>$A+75$:91Z273<$2>Ag$H+334:T$ZS$ A$ B$ C$ src:B dest:A payload$ ! O4723?+7W$306>V+72$9325$4:$,+Z3$43$+$6722$H+AW2>M3:4F27$ ! N00,3$,4W2$>?43$?+R2$,2T4>41+>2$+:5$4,,2T4>41+>2$9323$

SLIDE 75 (M)=$ ! AF)1$""M./;)32:5$H+AW2>$V4>?$6+,32$3097A2$+557233$ A$ B$ C$ src:B dest:A payload$

SLIDE 76 (M)a$ ! (':"(2>@.2>$6@3D@:,B$3:4F$32:34>4R2$4:60$f2DTD<$H+33V075g<$+:5$932$ ,+>27$ ! H+33V075$?0,527$-1)>?+>$9327$6701$3S3>21$H04:>$06$R42V$ A$ B$ C$ src:B dest:A user: B; password: foo$

SLIDE 77 ! '9A?$1072$4:$!"#!$%$"&'#$()c$4:$>?2$3H74:T$ (M))$

SLIDE 78 ! NV0$V+S3$>0$07T+:4X2$A09732B$ ! "?032$>0HM50V:$ ! *+3>27$3>+7>$>0$H70T7+114:T$H70G2A>3$ )c$ KHH,4A+>40:3$ N7+:3H07>$[+S27$f2DTD$N"#<$QC#g$ U2>V07W$[+S27$f2DTD<$@#g$ C+>+$[4:W$[+S27$f2DTD$!>?27:2>g$ /2*6728-' 42""2(69*'

SLIDE 79 ! N?43$V22Wo3$Z7426$0R27R42V$ ! @:>27:2>$0R27R42V$ ! O?+>o3$+$H70>0A0,i$ ! U2>V07W$25T2<$A072<$+AA233$:2>V07W$ ! H+AW2>M3V4>A?4:T$R27393$A47A94>M3V4>A?4:T$ ! @:>27:2>$3>79A>972$ ! #276071+:A2B$,033<$52,+S<$>?709T?H9>$ ! [+S274:T<$327R4A2$1052,3$ ! /2A974>S$ ! ;23>$06$>?2$32123>27B$."'&*,&!%Fr$ (M)e$