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C/;'0-A:,12:3D-% "#"(+!.*$( 1-&#*1#3+#-+3-7#+?*##'(I++ GC+ -( :.=H) 0 J *&)5I=$)5&J+$&-)%%"'+2)5 0+')*K-(*#'/+ 3K H)?LM $"9$+K 89 ; GC+5*#2 .80 2/'*4"N'/+ M 1*(#--& ?'#*4 4"&C'(+4*B'( 3.>3#(*#'+L+1-&#*1# ;"<-=#<<+<%#)-=#.+>;?@?A+&BCB0+D(E+3,F?1=377+ P+AG Q R AG H S7-(?*44B+AG AG T+K(-#'"&3L1-&#*1# P GOF+ ?? F ! 6*$'&D5$')'3D<'1$# EDFGAH

!"#$#%&'()*('#&"% +,,#-.$/0(102+2(3"'#,0 !"!#$%&$&'%(%)*+,$'-$./%+0"$ VO+5'4N'( SWMXT -( \ ! !"#$ $%&'()%*+,*&,+'%(-* ./-0'(+- Y+PAGZ+[.&1#"-&3+=!-(C@ 4('-+$$/05060788809,-+$$:0)'(&#"2,0;0%(2&+%&<00508=8>0?- @ N#IE+?26"*E+7&%O&*E+PQRQE+ 0*1"2 34"/ ? 5'K.&*(. -:%85? 0+SFGAUT+ EF"G%%%

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<(-#'"&3+Sh+K'K#"/'3T+*('+5-7#+%*#'("*43 ! =3-7#+'4'1#(-&"1+>"-?*#'("*43@ M7#'(+4'*(&"&9+$-!+#-+1-&#*1#+#$'?+ &%&'-*#."')%%I 0+ *&2*#5('"K%I 0+ *&%")K%I 7%899-2:3;<%:=->%>3;3>8556 B-.+7"&/+#$*#+S'3KO+*3+?-&-4*B'(3T+#$'B+*('+ )$)O".C+ S3-4"/+3#*#'D1-?K*#">4'T &%&'-*#."'+$)-&*")%/ M3+B'#+OOO+"#+"3+&-#+S3-T+14'*(+!$B+*&/+$-!+b+

2Dn+1$*(*1#'("3#"13 -7+K(-#'"&+[.&1#"-&3 Quite a few proteins "/'*4"N'/ 1*(#--& “survive” :4'1#("1*4+#-K+1-&#*1# partial dehydration Az (on SH; ~Br) Az (on SH; ~Br) Az (on SH; ~Br) S68 F T a i2jk:l+4*B'( 4 4 4 4 bR (on NH 2 ) bR (on NH 2 ) 6-&/.1#")'+3.>3#(*#' BSA (on NH 2 ) 2 2 2 2 C 18 Alkyl chain Current ( µ A) Current ( µ A) Current ( µ A) Current ( µ A) 0 0 0 0 µ -2 -2 -2 -2 1E-6 1E-6 1E-6 1E-7 1E-7 1E-7 Current (A) 1E-8 Current (A) Current (A) 1E-8 1E-8 -4 -4 -4 -4 1E-9 1E-9 1E-9 Az Az Az 1E-10 1E-10 1E-10 bR bR 1E-11 1E-11 1E-11 BSA -6 -6 -6 -6 C 18 Alkyl Chain 1E-12 1E-12 1E-12 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 Voltage [V] Voltage [V] Voltage [V] -8 -8 -8 -8 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Bias Voltage (on metal) [V] Bias Voltage (on metal) [V] Bias Voltage (on metal) [V] Bias Voltage (on metal) [V] m"& '#+*4O0+<jM50+FGGQ+bOOOOO l-&+'#+*40+ EF"G O+FGAG

16&*&+)*&+a("-&+)+<&b 3#-&.-")%+#2-#&%&'-*#."'+2*#-&"./+ S<52+h22+1O3O0+($-/-K3"&30++ionD-&'3+eV#)Mf0++\\T 6*$'&D5$')'3D<'1$# EDFGAH

16&+K)'-&*"#*6#5#2/". 3G?1?WSW;,E+K*"&<%Ig Z$/ %##5+!%*,'!"+$*%# ? QEG !T UQp ZQQ</ Z$/ N UQG c QFU 8%!9 Gf e2/ 675($,'!"+$*%# Z$/ 4 EAF d UqG Gf ; UUG ZQ+(/ R+(/ 6*$'&D5$')'3D<'1$# EDFGAH

6*&+#$'+K(-#'"&3+=3.()")'@+ <$-#-1B14'+-7++ $#.#%)I&*++ Bacteriorhodopsin (wet) Bacteriorhodospin (dry ML) normalized Absorbance (A.U.) ;?h+2*#-&".+ V#)M M 1.0 XnDn"3O+M>3-(K#"-& SK*(#"*4T+/'$B/(*#"-& d 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 Wavelength (nm) >l+<$-#-1B14' %.C$-K*/$B*B '#+*40 $""$ O+FGAQ bR solution - light on <$-#-1$'?"1*4 bR solution - light off r"77'('&1'+5K'1#(.? bR dry monolayer - light on W$'(?*4 bR dry monolayer - light off normalized ! Absorbance (A.U.) 0.4 0.2 >l UQp 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) !)'-&*"#*6#5#2/".+>KTA % EAF l-&+'#+*40+ EF"G% FGAG

= 36#-#='#.5('-).'&+)'*#//+ !)'-&*"#*6#5#2/".+>KTA+$#.#%)I&*+ H*&&.+"**)5")-"#.+ Y :.!/%+$.*'.;'/"+%,+%&#"'<5,+%+"'' 2/'*4"N'/+ 1*(#--&3 Ph Photo-ef effec ect originates es from M-st state accumu mulation (conforma mation change) m"& -:?%85? <jM5+ PQQi+ 0+ *)L 0+pQGa

6*&+#$'+K(-#'"&3+=3.()")'@+SK*(#"*4T+/'$B/(*#"-& d ,-(+MN.("& !'J44+3$-!I s+/'&*#.(*#"-&+#'?K'(*#.('+"((')'(3">4'+ A /'1('*3'+"&+1-&/.1#*&1'+t 8;0 2&D3"#.+)">(*#"-&*4+3K'1#(-31-KB+3$-!3+ A M?"/'+A+h+F++-7+K(-#'"&3+"&+#$'+[.&1#"-&tt j+;B+7&2(.)*( -:%85 BE+> FGAAT+ EF"G jj+kB+S(+ -:%85?7% SFGAUT+ F"G%C8;/%%% 6*$'&D5$')'3D<'1$# EDFGAH

5-?'+K(-#'"&+'4'1#(-&"13+ *"55%&/+ )-+%&)/-+/#$&+2*#-&"./ A '#.5('-+&%&'-*#./+l-##+&<<"'"&.-%Im A /6#b+-(..&%".C=%"]&+K&6)8"#(* #8&*+l-##+%#.Cm+5"/-).'&/ k"+S( c&**I+@&*&"*# ;"#* 7&2(.)*( 6*$'&D5$')'3D<'1$# EDFGAH

<(-#'"& DA? 1-&[.9*#'/ h 3*#.(*#'/+?-4'1.4'+1-&/.1#"-&+ ;#C>'(**&.-A+n+QBR+h+8/B+%&.C-6+2%#-+#<+.).#=/')%&+$&)/(*&$&.-+5)-) ]$"4'+4-&9D(*&9'+:4'1#(-&+W(*&3K-(#+"&)-4)"&9+3')'(*4+K(-#'"&3+"3+C&-!&+ S('3K"(*#"-&0+K$-#-3B&#$'3"3T0+ 82,/AA%/;-%.,/:-3;%NO%???7% +4%+=, >$;;"!"*+ 45167816394:;*<=> 4 451678163945?> ")*& 45167816394)23068@.AB816A@- -.*/0123 .).#=/')%& ")*' # H 4:@-C7B16394:;*<=> :7883-64D3-/A6E4F<G-. 4:@-C7B163945?> ")*( 4;8@63A-/4:;*<=> ")*, 4;8@63A-/45?> ")*+ slW ")*"! s+AGG+?n 4 ")*"" -6"/+"/+<(..I ")*"# ")*"$ ")*"% ")*"& ! "! #! $! %! &! '! (! I3-B6J4FKH M?/.(3CB -:%85 O0+ F0D?%M8:-, O+qDFGAE

<(-#'"& DA? 1-&[.9*#'/ h 3*#.(*#'/+?-4'1.4'+1-&/.1#"-&+ ;#C>'(**&.-A+n+QBR+h+8/B+%&.C-6+2%#-+#<+$)'*#=/')%&+$&)/(*&$&.-+5)-) +) "! +* "! +"( "! slW +"! "! +"" "! +"# H%#K(%)*+ "! # C +"$ 401126/,=26;:/>, ? @A6B "! 3*#-&"./ +"% "! +") "! +"& "! $! $# $% $' +"' "! 26T +"( 37R+>W6"&'6"= H*#.".C&.A "! 37R+>!)%5# Y 4:1A +") "! KT -6"/+"/+b&"*5 +"* "! +#! "! 37R+>o:7A +#" "! ,-./01./23 @&**"-". +## "! >N"V6("/= ,456708./23 +#$ "! NU7A "/'*4"N'/ +#% ,915/2:6; "! 1*(#--& $)'*#=/')%&++++ +#& "! ! 92</:32 +#' "! ! "! #! $! %! &! '! (! )! *! "!! Length( � ) M?/.(3CB -:%85 O F0D?%M8:-, O+qDFGAE0+ .K/*#'/+pDFGAQ 6*$'&D5$')'3D<'1$# EDFGAH

5-?'+K(-#'"&+'4'1#(-&"13+ *"55%&/+ )-+%&)/-+/#$&+2*#-&"./ A '#.5('-+&%&'-*#./+l-##+&<<"'"&.-%Im A /6#b+-(..&%".C=%"]&+K&6)8"#(* #8&*+l-##+%#.Cm+5"/-).'&/ 6*$'&D5$')'3D<'1$# EDFGAH