X X J. Morabito R. R. Reilly 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide - PDF document

3/21/01 Defining Coalescent Knowledge: A Revision of Knowledge Creation Theory By: K.K. Morgan D.N. Merino X X J. Morabito R. R. Reilly 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 1 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com Thank you for the opportunity to present our views of how knowledge creation theory should be revised. www.coalescentknowledge.com 1

3/21/01 Management Consultants • Knowledge creation • Transfer • and Management • Competitive advantage 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 2 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com In today’s environment, management consultants must be able to demonstrate how knowledge creation, transfer, and management can provide their clients with a competitive advantage. To accomplish this objective, management consultants focus on tacit knowledge as the source to create an advantage. The acquisition of tacit knowledge from an individual is a complex task. We maintain that the complexity is caused by the fact that the current definition of knowledge creation theory does not address all the dimensions of knowledge. Let’s look at the current dimensions. www.coalescentknowledge.com 2

3/21/01 Dimensions of Knowledge 1. Tacit – Individual knowledge, which is not easily visible and expressible 2. Explicit – Public knowledge, which is easily visible and expressible in a formal and systematic way Baumard, 96/99 Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995) Morabito, Sack, and Bhate, 1999 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 3 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com The foundation of knowledge creation theory is based on knowledge having two dimensions: Tacit and Explicit (Baumard, 96/99). The following are accepted definitions for tacit and explicit dimensions: Tacit Knowledge: Individual knowledge, which is not easily visible and expressible; Subjective; Knowledge of experience; Simultaneous knowledge; Analog knowledge (Morabito, Sack, and Bhate, 1999), (Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995) Explicit Knowledge: Public knowledge, which is easily visible and expressible in a formal and systematic way; Objective; Knowledge of rationality; Sequential knowledge; Digital knowledge (Morabito, Sack, and Bhate, 1999), (Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995) www.coalescentknowledge.com 3

3/21/01 Which Dimension is the key to a Competitive Advantage? • Explicit • Tacit J.C. Spender (93) 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 4 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com Based on these definitions, the question is: “Which Dimension is the real key to a Competitive Advantage? In further examination of explicit knowledge, it can be determined that this knowledge dimension would not facilitate the creation of a sustainable competitive advantage. A competitor would be able to quickly adapt to any changes in the environment, because the knowledge used to create these changes is in the public domain. Therefore, the management consultant must focus his/her attention on tacit knowledge. By definition, tacit knowledge is not easily visible and expressible. The actual capturing of an individual’s tacit knowledge is a formidable task. If tacit knowledge is the key to gaining a competitive advantage, then further analysis of the knowledge creation theory may hold the key as to how we can use it to be successful in the marketplace. www.coalescentknowledge.com 4

3/21/01 Knowledge Creation Theory Knowledge Process/Mode Transition Form Socialization Tacit-to-Tacit Externalization Tacit-to-Explicit Combination Explicit-to-Explicit Internalization Explicit-to-Tacit Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995 Morabito, Sack, and Bhate, 1999 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 5 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com Knowledge creation theory describes the organization knowledge creation process. The process is shown in the table above; (Morabito, Sack, and Bhate, 1999), (Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995). - Socialization, which is the process of moving tacit knowledge from one individual to another. - Externalization, which is the process of moving tacit knowledge from an individual to the public domain (Explicit knowledge) - Combination, which is the process for combining public knowledge. - Internalization, which is the process for moving public knowledge to individual knowledge Let’s take a more in-depth view of the the first process in creating knowledge. www.coalescentknowledge.com 5

3/21/01 Socialization • Two or more individuals • Dialogue • Observation • Use of fields of interaction • Repetitive action • Establish a common set of constructs defining the knowledge being communicated 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 6 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com In this process, an individual shares his/her tacit knowledge with another individual or a group via some form of dialogue and/or observation (Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995), (Morabito, Sack, and Bhate, 1999). In any dialogue and/or observation, each individual brings his or her tacit and references/links to explicit knowledge. For this analysis, we will assume that the exchange of knowledge will be via dialogue. During the dialogue process, the first individual tries to define his/her tacit knowledge for the second person(s). This process requires the use of fields of interaction. The second person(s) then links their knowledge base to the knowledge being communicated. This is a repetitive action until the first and second person(s) agree on a common set of constructs, which define the knowledge being communicated. This process has now created a shared virtual knowledge, which only exists between the individuals involved in the dialogue. www.coalescentknowledge.com 6

3/21/01 What is this knowledge ? • Is it Tacit knowledge? • Is it shared knowledge? • Is it Explicit knowledge? • Is it virtual knowledge? 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 7 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com What is this knowledge that we have created? Is it Tacit? No, because two individuals are aware of it’s existence Is it shared? Yes Is it Explicit? No, because it is not expressed in a formal & systematic way and it is not in the public domain Is it virtual? Yes. In it’s initial state Therefore the following conclusion can be drawn: The knowledge, of the two people involved in the dialogue, came together to form a new knowledge dimension, which is shared, initially virtual, and is not public. So what would be a good name for this knowledge dimension? www.coalescentknowledge.com 7

3/21/01 Coalescent • To grow together; fuse • To come together to form one whole unit 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 8 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com A search for a word that would define this knowledge creation process resulted in the selection of coalescent. The dictionary definition is: 1. To grow together; fuse. 2. To come together to form one whole unit. From this definition, we conclude that the coalescing of the knowledge of the two individual (s) formed the new knowledge. Therefore, it is logical to name it Coalescent. The definition of Coalescent dimension would be: Shared knowledge, which is visible and expressible by one or more people, but not public knowledge. The next slide has a graphical representation of the coalescent dimension. www.coalescentknowledge.com 8

3/21/01 Graphical Representation of Coalescent Knowledge Individual No . Individual No. X X 2 1 Knowledge Knowledge Base Base Spender, 93 Baumard, 96/99 This area was formed by the Coalescent Knowledge sharing of Tacit knowledge via Area dialogue or other means 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 9 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com Spender’s (1993) communal knowledge is common to a group or community of interest, as a strategic resource. Baumard (1996/99) discusses collective knowledge, which is either in the Tacit or Explicit dimension. As you can see “ X ” does mark the location of the Coalescent knowledge dimension. This knowledge dimension is virtual in it’s initial state. If one or more individuals are aware of the knowledge, then the knowledge could be codified. I would suggest that codifying knowledge takes time and reduces innovation, because individuals are focusing on codifying and not on creating more. The key is knowing that the Coalescent knowledge dimension exists. The codification will take care of itself as the shared knowledge matures. www.coalescentknowledge.com 9

3/21/01 The Ripple Effect • Externalization • Combination • Internalization Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995 3/21/01 Coalescent Knowledge Slide No: 10 (KKM) www.coalescentknowledge.com The second process in creating knowledge is externalization. In this process, tacit knowledge is converted into explicit knowledge via metaphors, analogies, concepts, hypotheses (Nonaka and Takkeuchi, 1995), (Morabito, Sack, and Bhate, 1999). This process is very similar to the socialization process. The process starts with tacit knowledge and effectively creates coalescent knowledge as defined in the previous process. The coalescent knowledge is then externalized to the point of creating explicit knowledge, which by definition is public knowledge. Therefore, the externalization process should start with coalescent and not with tacit knowledge. www.coalescentknowledge.com 10