Wireless Power Transfer and RF Energy Harvesting: New Options for - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Wireless Power Transfer and RF Energy Harvesting: New Options for System Designers June 5 , 2 0 1 3 Stanford Com puter System s Colloquium Joshua R. Smith Associate Professor Computer Science and Engineering Electrical Engineering University of
June 5 , 2 0 1 3 Stanford Com puter System s Colloquium
Joshua R. Smith Associate Professor Computer Science and Engineering Electrical Engineering University of Washington
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Alanson Sample (Postdoc) Now Intel Michael Buettner, CSE (David Wetherall, co‐advisor) Now Google Ben Waters, EE Yi “Eve” Zhao, EE Vamsi Talla, EE Aaron Parks, EE Lillian Chang (Postdoc) Now Intel Artem Dementyev, EE LT Jiang, ME Jim Youngquist, CSE
Brody Mahony, EE
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Benefits of Wireless Power
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Benefits of Wireless Power
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Benefits of Wireless Power
Connector elimination Boundary integrity
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Benefits of Wireless Power
No Force required to make and break connections…nice in space!
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1.0E-10 1.0E-08 1.0E-06 1.0E-04 1.0E-02 1.0E+ 00 1.0E+ 02 1.0E+ 04 1.0E+ 06 1.0E+ 08 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
Energy Efficiency ( I nstr / uJ)
Eniac Brain Univac III DEC PDP-11/ 20 Dell Lattitude E6400 Dell Dimension 2400 486/ 25 IBM PC-AT Cray 1
Data: Implications of Historical Trends in the Electrical Efficiency of Computing Koomey, Berard, Sanchez et al, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 2011
Instructions per uJ
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Range scaling of w irelessly pow ered sensor system s J.R. Smith, in Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks and Computational RFID J.R. Smith Ed., Springer 2013
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year Instructions per uJoule 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 Range at which 6 K IPS workload can be wirelessly powered (Meters)
Microprocessor Efficiency Friis Distance (Power Limited) Exponential Fit Exponential Fit
f
0.46
t
Inst/uJ doubling time 2 years Range doubling time 4 years
0.23
t
Range scaling of wirelessly powered sensor systems, J.R. Smith, in Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks and Computational RFID J.R. Smith Ed., Springer 2013 Development and Application of Wirelessly Powered Sensor Node, D. J. Yeager, UW MS Thesis
4004 8051 HC05 HC08 MSP430 Swatch EM6682 GI PIC1650
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RFID reader ant
Tag Tag
Power & data (“downlink”) Data (“uplink”) Backscatter
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First UHF‐powered accelerometer
A wirelessly powered platform for sensing and computation, J.R. Smith, A. Sample, P. Powledge,
RFID Sensor Networks with the Intel WISP Winner Best Demo, Sensys 08, M. Buettner, B. Greenstein, R. Prasad, A. Sample, J.R. Smith, D. Yeager, D. Wetherall.
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Design of an RFID‐Based Battery‐Free Programmable Sensing Platform, Alanson P. Sample, Daniel
Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 57, No. 11, Nov. 2008, pp. 2608‐2615.
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Voltage Regulator (1.8v) Voltage Supervisor (1.9v)
Power Management Demodulator
Vreg Vreg POR = 1.6v Wake Up Received Data Enable Received Data Stored Voltage RF input
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RF Rectifier
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Input and output impedance dependent
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Rectification Efficiency at 1.9 V Output
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Input Power (mW) Efficiency
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1.6v POR 1.9v Wake Up 1.8v REG
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Luciano Trasatti, INFN, Italy
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PORFIDO: An application of RFID to Oceanography, Trasatti, Cordelli, Habel, Martini, in Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks and Computational RFID, J.R. Smith Ed., Springer 2013
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A Capacitive Touch Interface for Passive RFID Tags, IEEE RFID 2009, Alanson P. Sample, Daniel J. Yeager, Joshua R. Smith, Winner, Best Paper Award
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A Wearable UHF RFID‐Based EEG System, Artem Dementyev and Joshua R. Smith, Proceedings of IEEE RFID, Orlando, Florida, April 2013.
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Maximalist Cryptography and Computation on the WISP UHF RFID Tag, In Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks and Computational RFID, J.R. Smith Ed., Springer 2013
Strong RFID encryption (RC5)
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Distribution of
A battery‐free RFID‐based indoor acoustic localization platform, Yi Zhao and Joshua R. Smith, IEEE RFID, Orlando, Florida, April 2013.
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Wirelessly Powered Bistable Display Tags, A. Dementyev, A. Parks, J. Gummeson, D. Ganesan, J.R. Smith, A.P. Sample, To Appear, Ubicomp 2013
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The Great Seal Bug aka “The Thing”, 1945 Hybrid Analog‐Digital Zero‐Power Mic, 2013
Hybrid Analog‐Digital Backscatter: A New Approach for Battery‐Free Sensing, V. Talla, J.R. Smith, IEEE RFID 2013. Nominated for best paper award Hybrid Analog‐Digital Backscatter Platform for High Data Rate, Battery‐Free Sensing, V. Talla, M. Buettner, D. Wetherall, J.R. Smith, WiSNET 2013 Winner best student paper award!
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Experimental results with two wireless power transfer systems, A.P. Sample and J.R. Smith, Proceedings RAWCON 2009
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Mobile phone base transceiver station (BTS): 2.5 W to 640 W Maximum observed operating range > 200m Each event is 275uJ Harvested ~ 1‐3uW net
Experimental rig Test locations around Mary Gates Hall cell tower
A Wireless Sensing Platform Utilizing Ambient RF Energy, Aaron Parks, Alanson Sample, Yi Zhao, Joshua R. Smith, WiSNET 2013
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Efficient at “high” incident RF power
( 1 2 5 uW ) High sensitivity, at the expense of efficiency
( 1 5 .8 uW , alm ost 3 x range im provem ent) Old Harvester ( Type 1 ) New Harvester ( Type 2 )
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10k 20k 1 10 100 Startup time Seconds Type 1 Type 2 10k 20k 0.01 0.1 1 Activity rate Hz 10k 20k 20 40 60 Efficiency with duty cycling Equivalent free space distance from 1MW TX (m)
%
Old Harvester ( Type 1 ) New Harvester ( Type 2 )
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Ambient Backscatter: Wireless Communication out of Thin Air, Vincent Liu, Aaron Parks, Vamsi Talla, Shyam Gollakota, David Wetherall, Joshua R. Smith, To appear, SIGCOMM 2013
WISP (backscatter) x WARP (ambient RF) Or, “RFID with no RFID reader”
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Indoor test app
Tags able to detect improper order within 30s of applying the RF source
Outdoor ‐‐‐ Fully ambient!
100 bps achieved
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Ambient Backscatter: Wireless Communication out of Thin Air, Vincent Liu, Aaron Parks, Vamsi Talla, Shyam Gollakota, David Wetherall, Joshua R. Smith, To appear, SIGCOMM 2013
Environmental Sensing Temperature [NEMO] Input devices Accelerometer [WISP] Touch Sensing [Capacitive touch WISP] EEG [EEG WISP] ` Microphones [Analog Backscatter] Cryptography RC5 [WISP], AES [BTAG] Location systems cm‐precision, non‐camera [ULTRASOUND WISP] Displays NFC‐WISP E‐Ink display Peer to peer communication “Readerless RFID” [ABC]
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60W transferred ~3 feet, +75% efficiency
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3 12 23 34 2 3 1 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 12 34 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 12 1 2 3 4 23 2 3 1 4 34 3 4 1 2 Load Load Gain Source
i k k k L L L L R V V V k k L L L L Z Z Z Z k L L Z Z k L L Z Z k L L Z Z
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
(
) (
) (
) (
)
p Source p p p Load
Z R R i L i C Z R i L i C Z R i L i C Z R R i L i C
where
klc klc kcc
Analysis, Experimental Results, and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless Power Transfer, A.P. Sample, D.T. Meyer, J.R. Smith, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Feb 2011, vol.58, no.2
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– Concept: Dynamically tune system for maximum efficiency – Limitations: Government regulations, complex control algorithms – Methods: Frequency tuning, adaptive impedance matching
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Distance (cm) Frequency (MHz) Efficiency
O v e r C
p l e d Under Coupled C r i t i c a l l y C
p l e d
Analysis, Experimental Results, and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless Power Transfer, A.P. Sample, D.T. Meyer, J.R. Smith, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Feb 2011, vol.58, no.2
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Analysis, Experimental Results, and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless Power Transfer, A.P. Sample, D.T. Meyer, J.R. Smith, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Feb 2011, vol.58, no.2
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Evaluation of Wireless Resonant Power Transfer Systems with Human Electromagnetic Exposure Limits, A. Christ, M. Douglas, J. Roman, E.B. Cooper, A.P. Sample, J.R. Smith, N. Kuster. IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. pp, no. 99, pp. 1‐10, Oct. 2012.
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RF power in to resonator on PCB DC power out USB connector Single cell Li‐Ion charging Out‐of‐band (OOB) radio link
Consumer electronics
Customizable coil design Low‐cost evaluation kit
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Rob Wood et al.
Driving high voltage piezoelectric actuators in microrobotic applications, M. Karpelson, G.‐Y. Wei, and R.J. Wood, J. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2011. Monolithic fabrication of millimeter‐scale machines, P. Sreetharan, J. P. Whitney, M. Strauss, and R. J. Wood, J. Micromech. Microeng., vol. 22, no. 055027, 2012.
Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering
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Photo: Gerwin Schalk (Wadsworth Center, Albany, USA) and Kai Miller, Jeff Ojemann (UW).
Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering
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Professor of Cardiac Surgery Dir, Mech. Circulatory Support Yale School of Medicine
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Impact for Heart Failure Treatment Problem with LVADs FREE‐D System Solution
35 billion dollar industry 35 billion dollar industry 30,000 deaths per year 30,000 deaths per year 2,300 donor hearts available 2,300 donor hearts available NEED: infection free, lifelong LVAD
Wirelessly powered LVADs will become the preferred method of treatment
TODAY
Powering a VAD with the FREED System, B.H. Waters, A.P. Sample, P. Bonde, J.R. Smith, Proceedings
FREED won Sezai Innovation Award at 19th ISRB 2011; FREED won Kolff / Olsen Award at ASAIO 2011
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External RF Amp
Transmit Resonator Receive Resonator
Receiver Board
π- match Sensors (Voltage and Current)
DC Output
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Data/Control Power
Directional Coupler Incident Reverse Out In Rectifier & Power Regulation
MSP430 MCU
π- match LPF RF Detector
Magnitude Phase
B A
Transmitter Board
2.4GHz Radio
DDS TMS320 Digital Signal Controller
FTDI Serial-to- USB
USB to PC running GUI
2.4GHz Radio
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A Portable Transmitter for Wirelessly Powering a Ventricular Assist Device Using the FREED System, B.H. Waters, J.T. Reed, K.R. Kagi, A.P. Sample, P. Bonde, and J.R. Smith, in Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks and Computational RFID, J.R. Smith, Ed., Springer, February 2013.
Implications Zero‐power SMS / voice communication? Increasingly feasible to run mobile/ubiquitous computers using RF power Perpetual sensors embedded permanently in structures, human bodies
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Licensed by Honda and now standard in all Honda cars.
Field Mice: Extracting Hand Geometry From Electric Field Measurements IBM Systems Journal, Volume 35, No. 3&4, 1996 Joshua R. Smith Field Mice: Extracting Hand Geometry From Electric Field Measurements, Joshua R. Smith. IBM Sys. J,
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Robot, Feed Thyself: Plugging In to Unmodified Electrical Outlets by Sensing Emitted AC Electric Fields, ICRA‐2010.
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An Electric Field Pretouch System for Grasping and Co‐Manipulation, ICRA‐2010.
Black ghost knife fish (Apteronotus albifrons) uses “electrosense”
An Electric Field Pretouch System for Grasping and Co‐Manipulation, Brian Mayton, Louis LeGrand, Joshua R. Smith. Proceedings of ICRA, May 2010.
“Hearing the sea” from seashell
Pitch changes with the distance
Environmental noise amplified most at the cavity’s resonant frequency, which changes as the cavity approaches an object
Idea: Develop a pretouch sensor using the seashell effect
Shorter distance → Longer Effecve Pipe Length → Lower Resonance Frequency
End correction:
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Microphone + Cavity Resonant frequency estimation Footprint: 10mm x 5mm 8‐bits microcontroller Fully integrated to Willow Garage’s PR2's gripper
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Select Threshold for Binary Detection:
Frequency: 9500 Hz @ 3mm
1000 sensor readings at each of 1~10 mm 1 mm & 6 mm comparison
3mm
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Seashell Pretouch (threshold: 9500 kHz) Pressure Sensor (threshold: 0.05 N)
Detect highly compliant and insubstantial object
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Incomplete pointcloud from Kinect
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