WINLAB Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Cognitive Radio Networks at Cognitive Radio Networks at WINLAB: Networking and WINLAB: Networking and Security Research Security Research WINLAB Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey www.winlab.rutgers.edu Contact: Professor Wade
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey www.winlab.rutgers.edu Contact: Professor Wade Trappe, Associate Director trappe@winlab.rutgers.edu
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robust/secure networks will allow for a 2nd generation “cognitive radio” MANET
– Collaborative PHY for increased resilience at the radio level – Novel MANET architectures and protocols (cross-layer, global control, adaptive) – Innovative approaches to security in MANETs – Cognitive radio technology to enable spectrum agility and adaptation – Protocols for networking of cognitive radios
and reproducible evaluations at scale
– Cognitive radio platforms (GNU/URSP, WiNC2R, WARP) – ORBIT radio grid testbed, with upgrade to programmable radios – Outdoor vehicular testing – Integration with wired network testbeds, PlanetLab & VINI
– Rapidly evolving technologies with high levels of flexibility – More universal connectivity Is this really a good thing? – New forms of security risks
Research
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– Common framework for spectrum allocation, PHY/MAC bootstrap, topology discovery, cross-layer routing and security management – Decentralized coordination of protocols across location and layers
– Dynamically linked spectrum mgmt, PHY, MAC, Network modules and parameters as specified by control plane protocol
– Minimize contention between control & data (…>>50% overhead in 802.11 networks!)
Control PHY Control MAC
Boot- strap Disco very
PHY MAC Network Transport Application Control Plane Data Plane
Global Control Plane Data Plane
Control Signalling Data Path Establish ment Naming & Addres sing
Radios with Programmable PHY/MAC WiNC2R platform
Adaptive Networks of Cognitive Radios
PHY1/MAC1 PHY2/MAC2 PHY3/MAC3
Protocol Stack with GCP
to the Internet
Research
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coordinate spectrum usage
messages by an extra narrow-band (low bit- rate) radio
self-states to others
usage
Research
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time slots is possible through the Global Control Plane architecture
contention that degrades conventional wireless system designs
frequency (FD) and time (TD)
slot and freq at each receiver
(fewer “exposed nodes”) and eliminates packet contention
AODV etc.
distribution of control
Comparison of Individual and Aggregate Throughput
200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 flow 1 flow 2 flow 3 flow 4 flow 5 Total Global Scheduling 802.11 Aloha Slot Aloha
Research
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– Intended for the (CBMANET) CLAN architecture – Investigated by Brian Russel and Michael Littman in conjunction with WINLAB – Based on machine learning algorithms
– Routing protocols generally make decisions based on metrics that don’t reflect quality of service objectives – Shortest route may not always be the fastest or best! – Cross-layer factors should be considered:
error rate, bit error rate? What about router congestion?
– Distance vector, on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc networks – Time-based routing metric incorporates router congestion level and environmental noise/interference. – Routes around heavily-used routers and noisy links even if the route is longer. – Nodes learn estimated time-to-destination for all neighbors. – Protocol benefits present for both single channel and control-channel architectures
AODV-based Routing: Overload WARP-5 Routing: Automated Balancing
1 2 3 4 5 6 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Simulation Trial Runs Total Packets Delivered AODV (1 radio) AODV (Control Plane) Warp-5 (1 radio) Warp-5 (Control Plane)
Research
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– On-board enforcement – restrict any violation attempt from accessing the radio:
Each CR runs its ow n suite of spectrum etiquette protocols Onboard policy checking verifies actions occur according to “spectrum law s”
– An external monitoring infrastructure:
Distributed Spectrum Authority (DSA) — police agent observes the radio
environm ent
DSA w ill punish CRs if violations are detected via authenticated kill com m ands.
Research
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powerful than conventional access control in both expressive power and scalability.
– LGI employs locality, which supports decentralization of access control, and scalability for stateful regulation – LGI can achieve global effects over a community because all members of that community are subject to the same law
– XGPL is a starting point, but does not involve policy enforcement – AUSTIN-XGPL will use a concrete representation of past behaviors to allow a detailed evaluation for regulation. – AUSTIN-XGPL challenges:
interoperability betw een federations of CR devices.
m inim ize the risk of a poorly-w ritten/ buggy law
devices (e.g. an FCC-imposed requirement)
– All CR devices will have a mandatory trusted computing component that includes a well-architected Security Management Plane (SMP) – RF units immediately partition incoming signals to extract SMP communications and relay these to a trusted module on the CR – AUSTIN-SMP will be driven by associated Security Management Agents (SMA) – Security Message Units (SMUs) will support multiple regulation services via a unified packet format. – AUSTIN-SMP provides an exciting approach to more provably secure protocols, as well as improved network manageability
Research LGI-based Interaction AUSTIN-SMP Architecture
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Ontology Interface Knowledge Database Policy Reasoner Sensorary Data General Radio Interface Radio Platform Policy Controller Rule Sets Regulatory Policies/ Ontologies Requests & Commands
AUSTIN- Controller
Policy Monitor Reasoning Results & Response
Research
– Ensuring that the radio software components come from authorized entities – Assuring that the download and installation processes are secure – Thwarting the unauthorized modification of the software once it has been installed.
– Bitstream encryption prevents the configuration from being revealed outside the chip – Unlike ASICS, FPGAs reveal no design information when powered off, forcing the adversary to probe an active die. – AUSTIN will investigate the enforcement of basic
that cannot be overridden by software layers. Will require:
betw een hardw are and softw are
hardw are
responsible for policy enforcem ent
enforcem ent circuits.
that receives requests from CR processes, and makes formal decisions on whether to allow requested actions to occur
– Ontology Interface – Knowledge Database – Policy Reasoner – Policy Controller – Policy Monitor
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data sets
– Probe the channel in each direction – Estimate channel using recd. probe
is more than λ/2 away
channel to create identical bits
– Requires additional sophistry to prevent man-in-the-middle attack. – It is possible using the correlated data collected from received probes.
P R O B E P R O B E P R O B E Get channel estimates L
a t i
s
e x c u r s i
s L
a t i
s i n a g r e e m e n t Key Key Positive excursion Negative excursion
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WINLAB Radio Telepathy Prototyping: Establishing a secret key using Radio Telepathy Prototyping: Establishing a secret key using 802.11a 802.11a
802.11a Preamble
PROBE response