Why China Needs Low Why China Needs Low Sulfur Fuels Sulfur Fuels - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Why China Needs Low Why China Needs Low Sulfur Fuels Sulfur Fuels Michael P. Walsh Michael P. Walsh

Overview Overview • Why Low Sulfur Fuels • Worldwide Trends and Tendencies • International Experience Regarding The Benefits and Costs of Reducing Sulfur • Comments on ExxonMobil Presentation

Why Low Sulfur Fuel? Why Low Sulfur Fuel? • Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles – SO 2 From All Vehicles – PM From Diesel Vehicles – CO, HC, NOx, Toxics From All Catalyst Vehicles • Enables Advanced Technologies & Tight Standards For New Vehicles • Enables Retrofit Technologies To Clean Up Existing Vehicles

Tons of Directly Emitted PM From Tons of Directly Emitted PM From Diesel Fuels Sulfur Diesel Fuels Sulfur Tons Per Million Gallons 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Sulfur in Fuel (PPM) Derived From US EPA Data

Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and PM Emissions PM Emissions 0.06 PM Filter 0.05 Oxidation Catalyst grams/kilometer 0.04 PM Emissions Other PM 0.03 Sulfur 0.02 0.01 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Fuel Sulfur PPM

Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and PM Emissions PM Emissions 0.06 PM Filter 0.05 Oxidation Catalyst grams/kilometer 0.04 PM Emissions Other PM 0.03 Sulfur 0.02 500 PPM Sulfur Ox Cat Retrofit Viable 0.01 50 PPM Sulfur 0 Reasonable PM Filter Feasible 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Fuel Sulfur ~85% PM Reduction PPM 10/15 PPM Sulfur Strong PM Filter Feasible ~95-99% PM Reduction

Fuel Sulfur Negatively Affects All Catalyst- - Fuel Sulfur Negatively Affects All Catalyst Based Emission Control Technology Based Emission Control Technology • Impacts of Sulfur – SO 2 Sticks to Catalyst Sites (Chemisorption) • Inhibits Gaseous Catalytic Reactions – Catalytic Oxidation of SO 2 to SO 3 • SO 3 Adds to Tailpipe PM Emissions – Up to 40 to 50% of SO 2 Can Be Oxidized to SO 3 • SO 3 Reacts with Catalyst Base Metal Oxides to Form Metal Sulfate which reduces catalytic activity – For Catalyst-Based Diesel Particulate Filters, Sulfur Adversely Effects the Regeneration of the Filter – For NOx Adsorbers, Sulfate Clogs Up and Shuts Down the NOx Storage Mechanism

Sulfur Effects H H 2 2 SO SO 4 4 SO 3 SO 3 SO 2 SO 2 Sulfate make O O 2 2 Sulfate Poisoning SO 4 SO 4 Sulfur inhibition Zeolite or refractory oxide support

Summary of Influence of Fuel Sulfur on Summary of Influence of Fuel Sulfur on Diesel Exhaust Emission Control Devices Diesel Exhaust Emission Control Devices • Control Technology • Sulfur Effects – Oxidation Catalyst – Inhibition, form SO 3 PM – Lean NOx Catalyst – Inhibition, form SO 3 PM – SCR with Urea – Inhibition, form SO 3 PM – Catalytic Filters – Inhibition, form SO 3 and Affects Regeneration – Clogging, form SO 3 and – NOx Adsorbers store as sulfate – requires periodic removal All Catalyst Technologies Adversely Affected

Close Linkage Between Vehicle Emissions Close Linkage Between Vehicle Emissions Standards and Fuel Sulfur Levels Standards and Fuel Sulfur Levels 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2010 2010 15 months Caterpillar, Cummins, EPA EPA Consent Detroit Diesel, Decree Volvo, g/bhp-hr 10/02 Mack Trucks/Renault Diesel 15 ppm Navistar EPA 98 EPA 04 EPA 07 NOx = 4.0 P = 0.10 NOx = 2.5 P = 0.10 NOx = 0.25 P = 0.01 EURO III EURO IV EURO V Combined NOx = 5.0 P = 0.10 NOx = 3.5 P = 0.02 NOx=2.0 P=0.02 EURO III-IV EURO EURO Diesel 50/10 ppm g/kW-hr 10/05 10/08

CONCAWE Study On Advanced CONCAWE Study On Advanced Diesels Diesels • “ Fuel effects on PM and NOx emissions were also observed. However, … DPFs were used … the impact of changing fuel properties OTHER THAN SULFUR became negligible. ” • “ In the heavy duty engines, the 300 ppm sulfur fuels were not considered relevant to test in the Euro 4 or Euro 5 engines. ” • In the [light duty] Euro 3 engine, lower sulfur content reduced PM emissions.

New York City Retrofit New York City Retrofit Experience Experience NYC Bus ID# 6019 NYC Bus ID# 6065 CO2 NOx THC CO PM CO2 NOx THC CO PM 20% Percentage Change in g/ m i 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% OEM Catalyst / ULSD (50 ppm S) fuel CRT Catalyst / ULSD (50 ppm S) fuel

Durability & Reliability Durability & Reliability Ralphs Grocery Trucks Average Grocery Truck Emissions, CSHVR(1&2) CARB Fuel 0.78 w/o DPF 0.8 2000 0.7 ULSD with Johnson Matthey CRT T M 2001 0.6 Emissions, g/mile 0.5 2002 0.41 0.35 0.4 0.34 0.30 0.272 Below Detection Limit Below Detection Limit 0.3 0.24 0.197 0.15 0.2 0.1 0.010 0.011 0.003 0.001 0.01 0.0 CO/10 NOx/100 HC PM

Durability & Reliability Durability & Reliability Ralphs Grocery Trucks Average Grocery Truck Emissions, CSHVR(1&2) CARB Fuel 0.78 w/o DPF 0.8 2000 ULSD with Engelhard DPX T M 0.7 2001 0.6 Emissions, g/mile 0.51 0.5 0.41 2002* 0.37 0.4 0.32 Below Detection Limit 0.272 0.29 0.3 0.197 0.18 0.2 0.042 0.028 0.014 0.1 0.03 0.002 0.003 0.0 CO/10 NOx/100 HC PM

The Costs and Benefits of Shifting The Costs and Benefits of Shifting To Lower Sulfur Fuels To Lower Sulfur Fuels International Experience International Experience

Results of Three Major US Rules Results of Three Major US Rules Billions $90 Tier 2 Standards & Low Sulfur Gasoline HD Diesel Standards & ULSD $80 Off Road Diesel Standards & ULSD $70 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 Benefits Costs Net Benefits

Canada Health Effects Consensus Findings (Independent Expert Panel) Reducing sulphur to 30 ppm improves the health of Canadians Number of Cases Extrapolated for All of Canada 2001 to 2020 2,100 Mortality Health Effects Hospital 2,400 of Pollution Admissions Emergency Room Visits 6,800 Mixture May New cases of 7,600 Be Much chronic bronchitis New cases of 93,000 Greater than bronchitis in children 1.6 million Restricted activity days Particles Alone Asthma symptom days 3.3 million Acute respiratory symptoms 11 million e.g.: new cases of croup, pneumonia Canadian Study of Health Impacts of Low Sulfur Gasoline 6/3/2005 17 6/3/2005 17

Costs and benefits of reduced-sulphur gasoline 1 (in terms of net present value ; 1994$) 1 costs and benefits calculated for the years 2001 - 2020. 7 Costs calculated country costs or benefits (in billions of wide; benefits for seven 6 cities including TORONTO, MONTREAL, 5 VANCOUVER, HALIFAX, WINNIPEG, ST. JOHN, AND $CDN) 4 EDMONTON 3 Costs 2 Benefits Net benefits 1 0 30 ppm sulphur level

EU Estimate of Costs to Reduce EU Estimate of Costs to Reduce Sulfur From 50 ppm to 10 ppm Sulfur From 50 ppm to 10 ppm Cents per Liter Benefits Low Estimate High Estimate $0.61 Exceeded Costs $0.70 By Factor of $0.60 2 to 3 Times $0.50 $0.40 $0.29 $0.29 $0.30 $0.11 $0.20 $0.10 $0.00 Gasoline Diesel

Ultra Low Sulfur Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is Spreading Diesel Fuel Is Spreading 500 450 400 350 300 PPM 250 200 150 100 50 0 S k n 6 0 5 9 3 4 7 6 g 6 6 0 1 7 4 U r a 0 0 0 - 0 0 - n 0 1 0 0 a 0 0 s 5 p 5 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 m 0 s 0 0 a 0 2 2 2 2 2 K 2 2 2 a 2 2 2 0 J 0 n l S U U y n a d e 2 C 2 g a e a e U n a i e n r E E n D n l l U n n i o a p a r a o i h e a o h p E m a r l H C i t d p K a J C a s r a e g , h e u h , o w J n i T G A t e g i S u S p a o i i a t S n T a S

European Tax Incentives Schemes To Encourage Low Sulfur Fuels 0.3Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2001) National Tax incentives 5.7Ec/l 10ppm Diesel (2001) For 50ppm sulphur fuels 3.9Ec/l National Tax incentives Diesel (2000) For 50ppm & 10 ppm sulphur fuels (and or availability) 4.5Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2000), Diesel (2001) 10ppm Petrol (2002) 10ppm Diesel Available 10ppm Diesel (2002) (2000) 2.5Ec/l 50ppm Diesel (1993) 2.4 Ec/l Diesel (1999) .076Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2000), Diesel (2001) 3.1Ec/l 50ppm Diesel (1993) 1.5EC/l 10ppm Petrol/Diesel (2003) 1.5Ec/l 50ppm Petrol/Diesel (2001) 50ppm Diesel Available (2000) 4 Ec/l 2 Ec/l 10ppm Petrol/Diesel incentive Petrol/Diesel (2001) Petrol/Diesel (2001) (2004)

Conclusion Conclusion • Fuel Quality Is an Integral Part of a Complete Emission Control System for Both Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Vehicles • Fuel Sulfur Adversely Effects All Catalyst-Based Emission Control Technology and Needs to Be Reduced • Using a Systems Approach with Ultra-Low Fuel Sulfur Content: Sulfur Fuel Combined with Advanced Engine The Lower, the Better Designs and Advanced Emission Control Technology, Cars, Trucks, and Buses Will Emit 99% Less Pollution As Compared to Vehicles in the 1960s

Conclusion (continued) Conclusion (continued) • Introducing Low Sulfur Gasoline Fuel Will Immediately Improve the Emission Control Performance of Existing Catalyst-Equipped Vehicles • Introducing Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Will Enable Existing Engines to be Retrofitted with Advanced Control Technology

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