WG2 AP BON Integrated observation of terrestrial and g aquatic - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

WG2 AP‐BON

Integrated observation of terrestrial and g aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity

Tackling Cross‐cutting Issues in coastal regions

GEO‐BON

Asia Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network (AP‐BON)

Cross‐cutting issue Genetic diversity

AP-BON

JAXA Monitoring WG Steering C itt JAMSTEC Forest WGs Committee JaLTER/ILTE R Agriculture Interface JBIF/GBIF Inland water Evaluation/ Projection Networking Marine Remote Sensing j J‐BON

M t

• J. Brodie

Eko Siswanto Management H.Yamano Biodiversity/Ecosystem change

• Y. Golbuu

Ca salit

• M. Fujita
• T. Nakano

Causality

Multiple stressors on coral reefs (as example of Coastal Ecosystems)

CO2 emission Precipitation Climate change Global‐scale factors ‐Temperature warming ‐Ocean acidification Local‐scale factor ‐Land‐based pollution ‐Sea‐level rise Coral decline Biological factors ‐Algal overgrowth ‐Acanthaster planci outbreak Land use change Acanthaster planci outbreak ‐Overfishing Socioeconomic Population increase S R f t Ri k i it d

4

Local 60% at risk Local + global 75% at risk Source: Reefs at Risk revisited

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors / Mitigate the Ecosystem status

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors / Mitigate the Ecosystem status

Coral cover decline (mid-shelf reefs mainly) Coral cover decline (mid-shelf reefs mainly) mainly) mainly)

Coral cover in ~1960 = 40 – 55% (Bruno and Coral cover in 1986 = 28% Coral cover

( Selig 2007; Bellwood et al. 2004; Hughes et

• al. 2011)

(Sweatman et al. 2011)

in 2004 = 22%

(Sweatman et al. 2011)

Coral cover in 2012 = 14%

(De’ath et al. 2012) (note 11% south of 2011) (note 11% south of Cooktown)

Coral cover in 2020? D ’ th t l – see De’ath et al. 2012 – 5%? Inner-shelf reefs also in decline (Thompson et al. 2013)

Satellite remote sensing of coral reefs

Land

Original image Classified image

N 5 km O Shiraho Landsat ETM+: Spatial resolution = 30 m, Accuracy = 64 % Ocean Coral N Seagrass Bare substrate (pavement) Bare substrate (submerged sand) 500 m IKONOS: Spatial resolution = 4 m, Accuracy = 81 % Bare substrate (exposed sand) 500 m

Yamano (2013) In: Coral Reef Remote Sensing

Red tide Red tide mapping mapping

MODIS Chlorophyll-a

7 Jul 2010 27 Jul 2008 28 Feb 2010 12 May 2010 Summer Summer Spring Winter

MODIS based water classifications MODIS-based water classifications

Diatom Diatom ( (confirmed) confirmed) Karenia G lb t ff/d t d i t d K.

• K. mikimotoi

mikimotoi ( (confirmed) confirmed)

Mostly TSM and gelbstoff/det.- dominated waters False detection reduced,

• ther water classes can be

detected

Karenia Non-red tide/Clear water Diatom TSM-dominated Gelbstoff/det.-dominated Land Cloud/no data

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors / Mitigate the Ecosystem status

Di did Diongradid

20.6 km2

49.2 tons/km2/year

Ngermeduu

86 3 km2

215.7 tons/km2/year

86.3 km2

Ngerdorch

47.4 km2

9.7 tons/km2/year

Ngerikiil

28.5 km2

462.4 tons/km2/year

Coastal pollution mechanism in Tuvalu

Fujita et al., Sustain. Sci. (2013)

Sanitary facilities ‐ Septic tank (66%) p ( ) ‐ Pit toilet (26%) Grey sand with H2S odor Destroyed coral Tide Bottomless Septic Tank Tide WW ff

12

Bottomless Septic Tank WW runs off during ebb tide.

determine the isotope ratios p

• f dissolved elements

（N） （P） （P） （S） （Ca） （S ） （Sr）

l

34S/32S

Compared to lake Biwa

low 34S/32S and low 87Sr/86Sr and high 15N/14N and high N/ N Rivers which can explain the yearly change of Sr, N, and S y y g , , isotope ratios of lake water. Ri i h River with high 34S/32S

• r high87Sr/86Sr
• r high Sr/ Sr
• r low 15N/14N

small rivers in eastern plain p

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors/drivers

Sediment, nutrient and pesticide loads to the GBR

• Sediment – 5 times increase since 1850 –

sourced mainly from erosion in grazing lands. T t l Nit 6 ti i i 1850

• Total Nitrogen – 6 times increase since 1850

– Particulate N loads mainly from erosion in grazing lands, nitrate from fertiliser use in sugarcane, cotton, horticulture, grains. g , , , g

• Total Phosphorus – 9 times increase since

1850 – Particulate P loads also from grazing l d lands.

• PSII herbicides (atrazine, diuron, tebuthiuron

and others) – 28 tonnes ( no natural load) – ) ( ) from sugarcane, grains cropping and weed control in grazing lands. Loads from Kroon et al 2012; source information Loads from Kroon et al 2012; source information from Waterhouse et al. 2012

Comparison of management Comparison of management Comparison of management Comparison of management

Agricultural sources Agricultural sources Agricultural sources 1. Reef Plan 2 Reef Rescue Agricultural sources 1. Reef Plan 2 Reef Rescue

Some

2. Reef Rescue 3. “Good” governance 4 Reduction in loads 2. Reef Rescue 3. “Good” governance 4 Reduction in loads

success

4. Reduction in loads Port sources 4. Reduction in loads Port sources Port sources 1. “Corrupt” process for EIS and compliance monitoring 2 Poor governance Port sources 1. “Corrupt” process for EIS and compliance monitoring 2 Poor governance 2. Poor governance 3. Massive increase in dredging & loads 4 Lack of intent for “good” management 2. Poor governance 3. Massive increase in dredging & loads 4 Lack of intent for “good” management

Failure

4. Lack of intent for good management 4. Lack of intent for good management

Framework for sustainable management of land and coastal ecosystems

Civil engineering Civil engineering Modeling/observing sediment discharge Identifying allowable limit of

• >Identification of lands

that have large discharge Identifying allowable limit of sediment discharge Ecology Biodiversity observation Biodiversity observation ‐>Setting conservation goal Presenting options

Setting “green belts”

Presenting options for reducing sediment discharge Cost estimation P l ’ i i Adaptive management

Planning land use

Socioeconomics People’s incentive ‐>Sustainable measures

Water Cycle Water Cycle Ocean Observation Agriculture&Food Forest Agriculture&Food