WG2 AP BON Integrated observation of terrestrial and g aquatic - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

WG2 AP ‐ BON Integrated observation of terrestrial and g aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity Tackling Cross ‐ cutting Issues in coastal regions

GEO ‐ BON Asia Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network (AP ‐ BON) Cross ‐ cutting issue AP-BON Genetic diversity JAXA Monitoring JAMSTEC Steering WG WGs Committee C itt JaLTER/ILTE Forest R Interface Agriculture JBIF/GBIF Evaluation/ Inland water Networking Projection j Remote Marine Sensing J ‐ BON

M Management t J. Brodie Eko Siswanto H.Yamano Biodiversity/Ecosystem change Y. Golbuu Ca salit Causality T. Nakano M. Fujita

Multiple stressors on coral reefs (as example of Coastal Ecosystems) CO 2 emission Climate change Precipitation Local ‐ scale factor Global ‐ scale factors ‐ Land ‐ based ‐ Temperature warming pollution ‐ Ocean acidification Coral decline ‐ Sea ‐ level rise Biological factors Land use change ‐ Algal overgrowth ‐ Acanthaster planci outbreak Acanthaster planci outbreak ‐ Overfishing Socioeconomic Population increase Source: Reefs at Risk revisited S R f t Ri k i it d Local Local + global 4 60% at risk 75% at risk

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors / Mitigate the Ecosystem status

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors / Mitigate the Ecosystem status

Coral cover decline (mid-shelf reefs Coral cover decline (mid-shelf reefs mainly) mainly) mainly) mainly) Coral cover in Coral cover in ~1960 = 40 – 1986 = 28% 55% (Bruno and Coral cover ( (Sweatman et al. Selig 2007; Bellwood in 2004 = Coral cover in 2011) et al. 2004; Hughes et 22% 2012 = 14% al. 2011) (Sweatman et al. (De’ath et al. 2012) 2011) 2011) (note 11% south of (note 11% south of Cooktown) Coral cover in 2020? – see De’ath et al. D ’ th t l 2012 – 5%? Inner-shelf reefs also in decline (Thompson et al. 2013)

Satellite remote sensing of coral reefs Original image Classified image Land N 5 km Shiraho O Ocean Landsat ETM+: Spatial resolution = 30 m, Accuracy = 64 % N Coral Seagrass Bare substrate (pavement) Bare substrate (submerged sand) 500 m 500 m Bare substrate (exposed sand) IKONOS: Spatial resolution = 4 m, Accuracy = 81 % Yamano (2013) In: Coral Reef Remote Sensing

Red tide Red tide mapping mapping MODIS Chlorophyll-a 27 Jul 2008 7 Jul 2010 12 May 2010 28 Feb 2010 Summer Summer Spring Winter MODIS based water classifications MODIS-based water classifications False detection reduced, other water classes can be Mostly TSM and gelbstoff/det.- Diatom Diatom ( (confirmed) confirmed) K. K. mikimotoi mikimotoi ( (confirmed) confirmed) detected dominated waters Karenia Karenia Gelbstoff/det.-dominated G lb t ff/d t d i t d Non-red tide/Clear water Land Diatom Cloud/no data TSM-dominated

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors / Mitigate the Ecosystem status

Di Diongradid did 49.2 tons/km2/year 20.6 km 2 215.7 tons/km2/year Ngermeduu 86 3 km 2 86.3 km 2 9.7 tons/km2/year Ngerdorch 47.4 km 2 462.4 tons/km2/year Ngerikiil 28.5 km 2

Coastal pollution mechanism in Tuvalu Fujita et al. , Sustain. Sci. (2013) Sanitary facilities ‐ Septic tank (66%) p ( ) ‐ Pit toilet (26%) Destroyed coral Grey sand with H 2 S odor Tide Tide Bottomless Septic Tank Bottomless Septic Tank WW WW runs off ff during ebb tide. 12

determine the isotope ratios p of dissolved elements （ N ） （ P ） （ P ） （ S ） （ Ca ） （ S ） （ Sr ）

Compared to lake Biwa low 34 S/ 32 S 34 S/ 32 S l and low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and high 15 N/ 14 N and high N/ N Rivers which can explain the yearly change of Sr, N, and S y y g , , isotope ratios of lake water. Ri River with i h high 34 S/ 32 S or high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr or high Sr/ Sr or low 15 N/ 14 N small rivers in eastern plain p

1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 1) Detect Changes in Biodiversity/Ecosystem status 2) Identify the factor(s) of the changes 3) Manage the stressors/drivers

Sediment, nutrient and pesticide loads to the GBR • Sediment – 5 times increase since 1850 – sourced mainly from erosion in grazing lands. • Total Nitrogen – 6 times increase since 1850 T t l Nit 6 ti i i 1850 – Particulate N loads mainly from erosion in grazing lands, nitrate from fertiliser use in sugarcane, cotton, horticulture, grains. g , , , g • Total Phosphorus – 9 times increase since 1850 – Particulate P loads also from grazing l lands. d • PSII herbicides (atrazine, diuron, tebuthiuron and others) – 28 tonnes ( no natural load) – ) ( ) from sugarcane, grains cropping and weed control in grazing lands. Loads from Kroon et al 2012; source information Loads from Kroon et al 2012; source information from Waterhouse et al. 2012

Comparison of management Comparison of management Comparison of management Comparison of management Agricultural sources Agricultural sources Agricultural sources Agricultural sources Some 1. 1. Reef Plan Reef Plan 2 2 2. 2. Reef Rescue Reef Rescue Reef Rescue Reef Rescue success 3. 3. “Good” governance “Good” governance 4 4 4. 4. Reduction in loads Reduction in loads Reduction in loads Reduction in loads Port sources Port sources Port sources Port sources 1. 1. “Corrupt” process for EIS and compliance monitoring “Corrupt” process for EIS and compliance monitoring 2 2 2. 2. Poor governance Poor governance Poor governance Poor governance Failure 3. 3. Massive increase in dredging & loads Massive increase in dredging & loads 4 4 4. 4. Lack of intent for “good” management Lack of intent for “good” management Lack of intent for good management Lack of intent for good management

Framework for sustainable management of land and coastal ecosystems Civil engineering Civil engineering Modeling/observing sediment discharge Identifying allowable limit of Identifying allowable limit of -> Identification of lands sediment discharge that have large discharge Ecology Biodiversity observation Biodiversity observation Setting “green belts” ‐ >Setting conservation goal Presenting options Presenting options for reducing sediment discharge Planning land use Adaptive management Cost estimation P People’s incentive l ’ i i ‐ >Sustainable measures Socioeconomics

Water Cycle Water Cycle Ocean Observation Forest Agriculture&Food Agriculture&Food