Vaping and Disease Risks: Uncovering the Connections Cynthia - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Vaping and Disease Risks: Uncovering the Connections

Cynthia Grondin, PhD Comparative Toxicogenomics Database North Carolina State University

• Introduce Vaping Devices
• What Chemicals are Involved?
• Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
• Disease Risks

e-liquid mouthpiece

• n/off switch

Lithium battery atomizer

vape mods

aerosol/vapor

Suorin Drop Ultra-Portable System

Element Vape

Juuls

ALL Juuls contain NICOTINE

1 pod = nicotine in 1 pack cigarettes

What chemicals lie beneath?

Beyond the List of Ingredients

nicotine propylene glycol glycerin benzoic acid flavorings, oils

Nicotine Metabolic Pathways

SOURCE: Hukkanen et al. 2005

Beyond the List of Ingredients

nicotine propylene glycol glycerin benzoic acid flavorings, oils

Postulated pathways and by-products of propylene glycol thermal dehydration SOURCE: Sleiman et. al., 2016

Beyond the List of Ingredients

nicotine propylene glycol glycerin benzoic acid flavorings, oils

Postulated pathways and by-products of glycerin thermal dehydration SOURCE: Sleiman et. al., 2016

Beyond the List of Ingredients

nicotine propylene glycol glycerin benzoic acid flavorings, oils

glycerol propylene glycol

Formation of benzene SOURCE: Pankow et. al., 2017

Beyond the List of Ingredients

nicotine propylene glycol glycerin benzoic acid flavorings, oils

1-hexanol cyclotene limonene 2,3-pentanedione decan-4-olide linalool 2,5-dimethylpyrazine decanaldehyde linalyl acetate 2,6-lutidine Diacetyl maltol 2-acetylpyrrole diethyl succinate Menthol 3,4-dihydrocoumarin ethyl acetoacetate menthone 3-hexen-1-ol ethyl hexanoate methyl acetate 4-Butyrolactone ethyl lactate methyl cinnamate 5-methyl-2-furfural ethyl maltol methyl salicylate acetoin Ethyl Salicylate methylheptenone alpha-terpineol ethyl vanillin Nicotine anisyl acetate Eucalyptol n-pentanol benzaldehyde Eugenol Pulegone benzyl acetate Furaldehyde pyridine Benzyl Alcohol furaneol raspberry ketone Camphor furfuryl alcohol tetramethylpyrazine Cinnamaldehyde gamma-valerolactone vanillin citronellol isoamyl acetate Alien Blood Double Apple Hookah Oatmeal Cookie Bad Apple Energy Drink Orange Mint Bluewater Punch Grape Hookah Peach Schnapps Carmel Popcorn Iced Berry Pina Colada Cherry Lava Java Jolt Pomegranate CooCoo Coconut Just Guava Snap! Cotton Candy Kick! Tutti Frutti Cupcake Menthol Vanilla Bean

Universal System for Analysis of Vaping (U-SAV) machine

Analyzing Vaping Chemicals

SOURCE: Soulet et. al., 2017

• e-liquids and vapor
• urine, saliva, blood

Vaping is NOT just inhaling flavored water vapor

Metals in e-cigarette liquids and vapors Particles from e-cigarette inner/outer fibers Particles in room air vs. e-cigarette vapor

SOURCE: Olmedo et. al., 2018 SOURCE: Williams et. al, 2013 SOURCE: Williams et. al, 2013

Diseases Chemicals Genes GO & Phenotype

Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)

Integrate data

Exposures Pathways

ctdbase.org

• >40 million

toxicogenomic relationships

• updated monthly

Cellular location Molecular function Biological processes

PhD-level scientists read studies

Health Effects of Chemicals

Cellular location Molecular function Biological processes

Types of e-cig studies curated in CTD

ctdbase.org

Chemicals Diseases

direct

Chemicals Diseases Genes

inferred

Nicotine Effects on Health

Nicotine-Diseases Nicotine-Disease Categories

• Substance-Related Disorders
• Lung Cancer
• Metastasis
• Depression
• Colon Cancer
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Heart Attack
• Nerve Degeneration
• Atherosclerosis
• Stroke
• Fatty Liver
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Hypertension
• Panic Disorder

215 direct/1766 inferred disease relationships

Effects of Acrolein in e-cigarette vapor interacts with 514 unique genes

Acrolein

involved in 1,294 gene interactions involved in 433 molecular pathways associated with 147 phenotypes directly related to 86 diseases inferred relationship to 3,455 diseases

Search for disease associations

Look for chemical-disease associations in CTD

Chemical-Disease Associations in CTD

Input chemicals in e-liquids/vapor

Subset of chemicals in e-cigarette liquids and vapor

Vaping convention

Photograph taken during a cloud competition at a vaping convention, April 2016, Maryland SOURCE: Chen et. al., 2017

Chemicals in second- hand and third-hand vape are also toxic

“There is conclusive evidence that e-cigarette use increases airborne concentrations of particulate matter and nicotine in indoor environments compared with background levels.” NASEM

Vaping Affects Users Differently

• type of device
• e-liquid
• vaping patterns
• coil resistance, age, composition
• user age, weight, metabolism, health, genetics
• environmental factors

ctdbase.org connects chemical-gene-disease data E-liquids AND vapor contain toxic chemicals Vaping chemicals can cause DNA damage Vaping impacts genes, pathways, immune system Vaping increases risks of adverse health outcomes

Take Home Points

Acknowledgements

Carolyn J Mattingly, PhD Allan Peter Davis, PhD Thomas C Wiegers, MS, MBA Jolene A Wiegers, MS Cynthia Grondin, PhD Robin Johnson, PhD Daniela Sciaky, PhD Roy McMorran

Citations

Chen, R., A. Aherrera, C. Isicheye, P. Olmedo, S. Jarmul, J. E. Cohen, A. Navas-Acien, and A. M. Rule. 2018 “Assessment of indoor air quality at an electronic cigarette (Vaping) convention”. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 28(6):522-529. Curated [chemical-gene interactions|chemical-disease|gene-disease] data were retrieved from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), MDI Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, and NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. World Wide Web (URL: http://ctdbase.org/). [June, 2018]. Hukkanen J, P Jacob, 3rd, and NL Benowitz. 2005. Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacological Reviews 57(1):79–115. “Juul| The Smoking Alternative, unlike any e-cigarette or vape”. Juul. Web. 6 Jun 2018. Olmedo P, Goessler W, Tanda S, Grau-Perez M, Jarmul S, Aherrera A, Chen R, Hilpert M, Cohen JE, Navas-Acien A, Rule AM. “Metal Concentrations in e-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol Samples: The Contribution of Metallic Coils”. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Feb 21;126(2):027010. Pankow, JF, K Kim, KJ McWhirter, W Luo, JO Escobedo, RM Strongin, AK Duell, and DH Peyton. 2017. Benzene formation in electronic cigarettes. PLoS ONE 12(3):e0173055. Sleiman, M., JM Logue, VN Montesinos, ML Russell, MI Litter, LA Gundel, and H Destaillats. 2016. Emissions from electronic cigarettes: Key parameters affecting the release of harmful chemicals. Environmental Science & Technology 50(17):9644–9651. Soulet, S. Pairaud, C, Lalo, H. “A Novel Vaping Machine Dedicated to Fully Controlling the Generation of E-Cigarette Emissions”.

• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(10): 1225.

Stratton, K, LY Kwan, and DL Eaton. Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. Washington, DC. The National Academies Press, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24952. Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P. “Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol” PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57987