Vacuum fluctuations Secure heterodyne-based quantum random number - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Vacuum fluctuations Secure heterodyne-based quantum random number - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 20, 2023 26 likes •351 views

Vacuum fluctuations Secure heterodyne-based quantum random number quantum random number generator with non-iid generator at 17 Gbps samples Tobias Gehring et al. Marco Avesani et al. 1 The need for random numbers Alice quantum Rx laser

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1

Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples Tobias Gehring et al. Secure heterodyne-based quantum random number generator at 17 Gbps Marco Avesani et al.

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SLIDE 2

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The need for random numbers

Tx laser

VATT

IQmod

quantum channel 50/50 splitter Rx laser

Alice Bob

DSP Random Modulation Poster 49

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SLIDE 3

3

The need for random numbers

Tx laser

VATT

IQmod

quantum channel 50/50 splitter Rx laser

Alice Bob

DSP Random Modulation Certified Security Poster 49

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SLIDE 4

4

The need for random numbers

Tx laser

VATT

IQmod

quantum channel 50/50 splitter Rx laser

Alice Bob

DSP Random Modulation Certified Security Unpredictable / Private Poster 49

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SLIDE 5

5

The need for random numbers

Tx laser

VATT

IQmod

quantum channel 50/50 splitter Rx laser

Alice Bob

DSP Random Modulation Certified Security Unpredictable / Private Fast real-time generation Poster 49

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SLIDE 6

6

The need for random numbers

Tx laser

VATT

IQmod

quantum channel 50/50 splitter Rx laser

Alice Bob

DSP Random Modulation Certified Security Unpredictable / Private Fast real-time generation Many other applications:

  • Simulations
  • Gambling
  • Classical Key Generation
  • etc

Poster 49

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Randomness Certification

How can one guarantee that the random numbers are truly random?

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Randomness Certification

Source Detector Device-Independent How can one guarantee that the random numbers are truly random?

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9

Randomness Certification

Source Detector Device-Independent More assumptions How can one guarantee that the random numbers are truly random?

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SLIDE 10

10

Randomness Certification

Source Source Detector Source-Independent Device-Independent More assumptions How can one guarantee that the random numbers are truly random?

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SLIDE 11

11

Randomness Certification

Source Source Detector Device Dependent Source-Independent Device-Independent More assumptions How can one guarantee that the random numbers are truly random?

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SLIDE 12

Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Tobias Gehring1, Arne Kordts1, Dino Solar Nikolic1, Nitin Jain1, Cosmo Lupo2, Stefano Pirandola2, Thomas B. Pedersen3, Ulrik L. Andersen1 1) Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 2) Department of Computer Science, University of York, UK 3) Cryptomathic A/S, Denmark

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13 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Experimental Setup

Coupler Laser Bending Loss PD PD ADC FPGA Transimpedance Amplifier Fifo Toeplitz Extractor Output Fifo Amplifier Lowpass

1 GS/s 16 bit 10.67 GBit/s

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SLIDE 14

14 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Experimental Setup

Coupler Laser Bending Loss PD PD ADC FPGA Transimpedance Amplifier Fifo Toeplitz Extractor Output Fifo Amplifier Lowpass

1 GS/s 16 bit 10.67 GBit/s

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SLIDE 15

15 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Experimental Setup

Coupler Laser Bending Loss PD PD ADC FPGA Transimpedance Amplifier Fifo Toeplitz Extractor Output Fifo Amplifier Lowpass

1 GS/s 16 bit 10.67 GBit/s

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SLIDE 16

16 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Correlated Samples

106 107 108 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 Delay [ns] Frequency [Hz] 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1

  • 0.1
  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 40

Autocorrelation

  • Norm. Power Spectral

Density [dB/Hz]

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SLIDE 17

17 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Correlated Samples

Samples are not independently distributed! 106 107 108 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 Delay [ns] Frequency [Hz] 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1

  • 0.1
  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 40

Autocorrelation

  • Norm. Power Spectral

Density [dB/Hz]

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SLIDE 18

18 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Correlated Samples

Samples are not independently distributed! 106 107 108 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 Delay [ns] Frequency [Hz] 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1

  • 0.1
  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 40

Autocorrelation

  • Norm. Power Spectral

Density [dB/Hz] Idea: Map non-i.i.d. into i.i.d. process

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SLIDE 19

19 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Correlated Samples

Samples are not independently distributed! Power spectral density

  • f the signal

Conditional variance describes variance of virtual i.i.d. process 106 107 108 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 Delay [ns] Frequency [Hz] 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1

  • 0.1
  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 40

Autocorrelation

  • Norm. Power Spectral

Density [dB/Hz] Idea: Map non-i.i.d. into i.i.d. process

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SLIDE 20

20 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
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SLIDE 21

21 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
  • Variance of the signal
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SLIDE 22

22 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
  • Variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the signal
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SLIDE 23

23 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
  • Variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the excess noise
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SLIDE 24

24 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
  • Variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the excess noise
  • Characterize all of them with confidence intervals
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25 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
  • Variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the excess noise
  • Characterize all of them with confidence intervals
  • Take the minimum min-entropy which is compatible with the confidence intervals
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SLIDE 26

26 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
  • Variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the excess noise

}

“Simple”

  • Characterize all of them with confidence intervals
  • Take the minimum min-entropy which is compatible with the confidence intervals
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SLIDE 27

27 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological characterization

  • Min-Entropy model has three parameters:
  • Variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the signal
  • Conditional variance of the excess noise

}

“Simple” } “Hard”

  • Characterize all of them with confidence intervals
  • Take the minimum min-entropy which is compatible with the confidence intervals
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SLIDE 28

28 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological-Grade Characterization

106 107 108 Frequency [Hz]

  • 10
  • 15
  • 20
  • 25
  • 30

Power Spectral Density [dB/Hz] Vacuum Fluctuations Excess Noise Signal

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SLIDE 29

29 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological-Grade Characterization

106 107 108 Frequency [Hz]

  • 10
  • 15
  • 20
  • 25
  • 30

Power Spectral Density [dB/Hz] Vacuum Fluctuations Excess Noise Signal Vacuum fluctuations given by Schottky shot noise

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30 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological-Grade Characterization

Coupler Laser (Local Oscillator) Bending Loss PD PD ADC FPGA Transimpedance Amplifier DDR4 RAM Amplifier Lowpass 20 dB Attenuator Power Meter Signal Laser 1% 99% VATT

106 107 108 Frequency [Hz]

  • 10
  • 15
  • 20
  • 25
  • 30

Power Spectral Density [dB/Hz] Vacuum Fluctuations Excess Noise Signal Vacuum fluctuations given by Schottky shot noise

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31 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Metrological-Grade Characterization

Coupler Laser (Local Oscillator) Bending Loss PD PD ADC FPGA Transimpedance Amplifier DDR4 RAM Amplifier Lowpass 20 dB Attenuator Power Meter Signal Laser 1% 99% VATT

Lower bound as

  • Visibility = 1
  • Quantum efficiency = 1

106 107 108 Frequency [Hz]

  • 10
  • 15
  • 20
  • 25
  • 30

Power Spectral Density [dB/Hz] Vacuum Fluctuations Excess Noise Signal Vacuum fluctuations given by Schottky shot noise

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32 Vacuum fluctuations quantum random number generator with non-iid samples

Summary

  • Min-Entropy: 11.4 bit per 16 bit sample
  • Real-time randomness extraction: 10.67 Gbit/s
  • Metrological characterization:

Real-time QRNG suitable for high speed QKD Outlook

  • Where to get good seed bits from? DI-QRNG?
  • Integration into a package suitable for QKD integration
  • Online tests
  • Power-on self-tests

QRNG runs in the past