Understanding a Changing Philadelphia: Using Survey Research to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Understanding a Changing Philadelphia: Using Survey Research to Measure Trends and Inform Policy

Jana A. Hirsch, PhD

Assistant Research Professor Urban Health Collaborative & Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics Drexel University

“Casita Triste” by Giovanni Valderas

“Gentrification”

• What does “gentrification” mean to you?
• Jot down neighborhood changes you associate

with this term.

THINK

• With the person sitting next to you, discuss

your experience or understanding of “gentrification”

PAIR

• Share with the broader group.

SHARE

Self-reflection (1 min) Pair and Share (2 min) Report back (10 min)

History of the term “gentrification”

• “Gentrification” first used in

1964

• Sociologist, Ruth Glass,
• Neighborhood changes in

London

“One by one, many of the working class quarters have been invaded by the middle class-upper and

• lower. Shabby, modest mews and cottages—two

rooms up and two down—have been taken over, when their leases have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences…Once this process of ‘gentrification’ starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the working class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed”

http://spitalfieldslife.com/2013/02/16/ the-haggerston-nobody-knows/

Shifting neighborhood dynamics

• Severe disinvestment in

mid 20th century

• Home Owners’ Loan

Corporations (HOLC)

• “Residential Security

Maps”

• Redlining
• White flight

https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/ archive/redlining/

Present day: New major infrastructure investments

Casita Triste Centercityphila.org

Present day: New major service investments

Iseptaphilly.com Margo Reed (philly.com)

Present day: Policies around investment

EIG.ORG (via Philly.com) https://pidcphilablog.com/opportunity-zones-philadelphia/

Present day: Institutional pressures

Flickr: MsSaraKelly Alejandro Alvarez (Philly.com)

Academic definition of gentrification

• No consensus in

definition

• Gentrification ≠

Displacement “Gentrification: a process by which disinvested areas experience reinvestment and an influx of more wealthy/educated residents”

(Freeman, 2005; Hammel & Wyly, 1996; Bostic & Martin, 2003)

Operationalization of gentrification using publicly available data

Census-based measures

• Income
• Education
• Employment
• Rent value/Home

value

• Housing stock age

Non-census-based measures

• Green spaces
• Coffee-shops
• External, structural

renovation

• Commercial
• ccupancy
• Discourse analysis

We need a new survey measure to:

Detect changes in social/cultural environment Measure perceived changes More immediately capture changes to relevant resources

Perceptions About Changes in the Environment and Residents (PACER)

Question generation

Scoping review Generate survey items Edit/refine

NNIP expert input

Survey (n=28) Edit/refine Cognitive interviews (n=8) Edit/refine

Survey expert input

PA NJ AAPOR Edit/refine

Community input

Cognitive interviews Edit/refine

Pilot

Small BHP sample Edit/refine Full BHP survey

National Neighborhood Indicators Partnership (NNIP) Experts

Survey Survey+CI Non-response

NNIP expert input: Online survey

• Content validity
• Generalize beyond

Philadelphia

NNIP expert input: Cognitive interview

Improvements to wording, clarity, and relevance to the experience of gentrification in specific city neighborhood

Domains of perceived gentrification

Changes in amenities & businesses Changes to affordability Changes to physical environment Changes to social/cultural dynamics General changes Feelings about changes

SURVEY ACTIVITY

Working together to improve PACER

• Look at assigned domain.
• Identify ways you would change each question. Things

you feel are missing or duplicative.

• Take some notes.

THINK

• Share the edits you recommend with the person

sitting next to you

• Summarize your final set of edits

PAIR

• Share in your group.
• Come to consensus.
• Report back to the broader group.

SHARE

Self-reflection (5 min) Pair and Share (5 min) Report back (10 min)

Thank you!!

Share your name/email if you’d like to stay informed about PACER!

Sharrelle Barber, Yvonne Michael, Leah Schinasi, Maura Adams, Najira Ahmed Keisha Miles, Heidi Grunwald

References

• Barton, M. (2016). An exploration of the importance of the strategy used to identify gentrification. Urban Studies,

53(1), 92-111. doi:10.1177/0042098014561723

• Bostic, R. W., & Martin, R. W. (2003). Black home-owners as a gentrifying force? neighbourhood dynamics in the

context of minority home-ownership. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2427-2449. doi:10.1080/0042098032000136147

• Ellen, I. G., & O'Regan, K. M. (2010). How low income neighborhoods change: Entry, exit and enhancement.
• Freeman, L., & Braconi, F. (2004). Gentrification and displacement New York City in the 1990s. Journal of the

American Planning Association, 70(1), 39-52. doi:10.1080/01944360408976337

• Freeman, L. (2005). Displacement or succession?: Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods. Urban Affairs

Review, 40(4), 463-491. doi:10.1177/1078087404273341

• Glass, R. (1964), Introduction: Aspects of Change. In: R. Glass, ed., London: Aspects of Change. London: MacGibbon

and Kee.

• Hammel, D. J., & Wyly, E. K. (1996). A model for identifying gentrified areas with census data. Urban Geography,

17(3), 248-268. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.17.3.248.

• Hwang, J, & Sampson R. J. (2014). Divergent pathways of gentrification: racial inequality and the social order of

renewal in Chicago neighborhoods. American Sociological Review, 79(4), 726-751.

• McKinnish, T., Walsh, R., & White, T. K. (2010). Who gentrifies low-income neighborhoods? Journal of Urban

Economics, 67(2), 180;193;-193. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2009.08.003

• Papachristos, A. V., Smith, C. M., Scherer, M. L., & Fugiero, M. A. (2011). More coffee, less crime? the relationship

between gentrification and neighborhood crime rates in chicago, 1991 to 2005. City & Community, 10(3), 215-240. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01371.x

• Wyly, E. K., & Hammel, D. J. (1999). Islands of decay in seas of renewal: Housing policy and the resurgence of
• gentrification. Housing Policy Debate, 10(4), 711-771.
• Zukin, S., Trujillo, V., Frase, P., Jackson, D., Recuber, T., & Walker, A. (2009). New retail capital and neighborhood

change: Boutiques and gentrification in New York City. City & Community, 8(1), 47-64. doi:10.1111/j. 1540-6040.2009.01269.x