[PPT] - UK Activities on (LAr) Photon Detection Andrzej Szelc (University PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

UK Activities on (LAr) Photon Detection

Andrzej Szelc

(University of Manchester)

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Introduction

Brief recap about scintillation light and how to

detect it in liquid argon.

Developing physics applications and methods of

simulation for scintillation light.

Hardware activities.
Opportunities for collaboration.

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Scintillation Light in Argon

Emission: Transport: Detection:

Ar Ar Ar Ar Excited dimer state g Photons are all ~128 nm – VUV Liquid argon is mostly transparent to its scintillation. At longer distances Rayleigh scattering ~55cm f(l) and absorption, e.g.

n nitrogen ~30 m

@2ppm N2 begins to play a role. Note high refractive index ~1.5 for VUV. Liquid argon is almost the

nly thing transparent to its

scintillation. Detection is challenging – most often need to use Wavelength shifting compounds, like TPB. Two-component light, 7ns + 1.3 us

E. Segreto

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How to collect LAr light

Proven detector

technology in liquid argon.

Small

channel/active area ratio.

Non-negligible size,

relatively high voltage.

PMTs

SiPMs: excellent

performance in liquid

argon. Small voltage

needed to operate.

Small active size –

need to be clever to avoid large channel number.

SiPMs SiPM+ Light Collector

WLS coated

bars coupled to SiPMs (current DUNE baseline design).

The ARAPUCA light trap

Use dichroic filters +

2 WLS to trap the light inside of the box

Detection with SiPMs

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Passive elements of light collection

Coating the detector walls with

a wavelength shifting compound allows the recovery of VUV light.

Adding highly reflective foils

underneath enhances light collection.

Used extensively in DM experiments,

not tried in neutrino experiments.

Applying TPB to the reflective foil used inside of the LArIAT TPC

WArP DM detector VETO (8 tons of LAr)

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Physics and Simulations SBND (and DUNE)

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Light Detection in SBND

UK focus on developing

the simulation framework for scintillation light This was useful in developing foils as a solution to enhance light collection.

SBND has a high LY

setup which leads to potential intereting physics applications.

Porting the experience

to DUNE simulations.

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Simulating light in argon (LArSoft)

Argon is a prolific

scintillator, so at beam neutrino energies simulating each optical photon is not feasible.

We use an optical lookup

library (developed by uBooNE) to mitigate this problem.

voxels

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Light Collection Effjciency in SBND

PMT s PMT s

cathode Field cage TPB-coated foils

“Cathode only confjguration”

Note: from now on, visible refers To light wavelength-shifted and reflected off of the foils, while VUV refers to light directly hitting the PMTs. VUV Visible Total No foils Cathode

nly
D. Garcia-Gamez, Manchester

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Direct light (VUV) timing parametrization:

A combination of Landau and exponential functions fits practically every distribution

f photon arrival times.

The fit parameters turn out to be monotonic functions of distance. (works for reflected light too) MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary

D. Garcia-Gamez, Manchester

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Effects on timing constants

Fast component life time changes as a function of distance. MC - Preliminary Will affect triggers focusing on the fast component

D. Garcia-Gamez, Manchester

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D. Garcia-Gamez

MC - Preliminary

Y-Z Positional Resolution

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X-drift position resolution

If able to differentiate

VUV from Visible (re- emitted) possible to get position in x on the fly.

Additional information,

crucial for disentangling multiple events in the same frame.

Could decide to readout

just parts of detector.

New idea for LArTPCs!

With TPB coated foils MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary

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Simulations for DUNE

Hot off the press from Diego Garcia-Gamez (more in talk at DUNE CM)

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Long Term Goals

Use scintillation light to

enhance the physics of SBND and DUNE (and not

nly for triggering).
Calorimetry and timing are

clear potential improvements.

R Acciarri et al. 2012 JINST 7 P01016 59.5 keV 241Am peak LY @7phel/keV

P. Benetti et al. (WARP), NIM A 574 (2007) 83

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Hardware Activities (LArIAT/SBND and DUNE)

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LArIAT Mesh Cathode Runs

No problems in TPC

peration observed. Final

results in preparation. Important R&D for SBND

BEFORE AFTER Prototype of SBND mesh cathode manufactured in Manchester was installed in LArIAT beginning of March 2017. Ran with and without foils (change-over happened in early June).

Help from Liverpool grp.

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Foil Installation in SBND

The infrastructure needed

to manufacture the reflective foils for SBND is ready.

Installation in CPA and

tensioning procedure developed (help from Liverpool group).

Manchester has

infrastructure needed to manufacture large evaporated surfaces (up to 60x60 cm2).

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Evaporated Foil Plates

Preparations for

SBND installation going well.

Finalizing installation

procedure.

Evaporations will be

done in Manchester and UNICAMP over the summer.

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Towards DUNE

Foils on cathode are now considered as an

enhancement option by the PDS consortium (photon collection boosters).

UK groups involved: SP: Edinburgh,

Manchester, Sussex, Warwick.

DUNE cathode is resistive - need R&D to

develop mounting method, see next slide.

UCL performing SiPM test-stand for DUNE-DP.

SLIDE 21

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Manchester SiPM Test-Stand

Funds secured to set up a Test-Stand to

characterize SiPMs.

Start with Dark-Box to test at visible light,
Chamber with cryo-cooler + gas argon to test in

cold and at VUV planned.

In talks with DUNE consortium leadership on
ptimizing components.

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Opportunities for Collaboration

A link is already established (SPRINT-FAPESP funds linking

Manchester and UNICAMP).

Brazilian groups getting involved in simulation for SBND and

DUNE (UFABC, UFSCAR, UNICAMP). More definitely welcome.

Hardware collaboration on foil production and development.
UK Manchester LArSoft workshop in the fall – gather all new

UK students/PDRAs to learn about LArSoft. Possibility to deepen the light simulation part this year and hopefully include LA participants.

Alternatively, UNICAMP organizing a school in December –

potential for workshop in light sim before or after.

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Summary

UK groups have built up the expertise in simulation of

scintillation light in LArSoft for SBND, and are beginning to port it to DUNE.

Lots of places to get involved - dedicated simulations (made

in Brazil) already being implemented.

We have developed the idea of WLS-covered foils as a

“photon-collection booster”. Will be installed in SBND, developing the idea for DUNE.

Developing hardware capabilities to test SiPMs.
We have a strong basis on which to build collaboration

between UK and Latin America.

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Thank You for your Attention

SLIDE 26

Quantity of scintillation light is

complementary to charge.

Registering both will improve energy

resolution.

Knowing position will maximise

precision.

Largest benefits at lower

energies, where TPC not as sensitive: Supernova neutrinos, nuclear effects, missing hadronic energy

Scintillation Light in LArTPCs:

energy resolution

R Acciarri et al. 2012 JINST 7 P01016 59.5 keV 241Am peak LY @7phel/keV

P. Benetti et al. (WARP), NIM A 574 (2007) 83

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39Ar – how big of a problem is it really?

39Ar is a beta- emitter with

an end point at 565 keV. average energy of electron ~ 236 keV

Measured rate is 1Bq/kg.
Could it
verwhelm

the trigger?

arXiv:astro-ph/0603131v2

MC - Preliminary

C. Hill,

Manchester

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The ARAPUCA light trap

A way to enlarge the active

surface without increasing number of channels.

Use dichroic filters + 2 WLS
E. Segreto & A.

Bergamini-Machado Planned installation In SBND and protoDUNE

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LArIAT is an excellent

test-bed for new ideas, like WLS – covered foils.

LArTPC

LArIAT Light Readout

Applying TPB to the reflective foil that will line the inside of the LArIAT TPC Two cryogenic PMTS

one 3” high QE (30%)
one 2” standard QE

(20%)

+3 SiPMs Wavelength shifting reflector foil

Hamamatsu R11065

First test of TPB

coated reflector foils in a running TPC (at beam neutrino energies).

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I

n f a c t , t h e t

l

s w e r e d e v e l

p

e d f

r

L A r I A T fj r s t , a n d a d a p t e d f

r

S B N D .

Using the same simulation

tools as SBND

L A r I A T P h

t
n

M C L Y = 1 4 . 1 p e / M e V

T

p
d
w

n v i e w S i d e v i e w

L A r I A T P h

t
n

M C L Y = 6 . 2 p e / M e V

T

p
d
w

n v i e w S i d e v i e w

Beam Direction Beam Direction

Excellent uniformity in the detector. Three full runs completed (Not all PMTs were always

n).

Data analysis in progress.

W. Foreman

SLIDE 31

Calorimetry with Scintillation Light

For protons interacting inelastically a large fraction

f the energy is lost to the

TPC. MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary

SLIDE 32

Timing

To see if ~ns resolutions can be

achieved need to account for second

rder effects, e.g. Rayleigh scattering.
impossible to do using a lookup library

(memory) -> parametrization of arrival times.

Assume we can model Argon

Scintillation timing (in principle

ptimistic).

[ n m ] λ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

g r

u

p v e l

c

i t y [ c m / n s ]

5 1 1 5 2 2 5 E n t r i e s 3 7 4 5 4 6 M e a n 1 . 1 3 R M S 1 . 5 8

[ c m / n s ]

g r

u

p

v 5 1 1 5 2 2 5 2 4 6 8 1

3

1 ×

E n t r i e s 3 7 4 5 4 6 M e a n 1 . 1 3 R M S 1 . 5 8 E n t r i e s 6 6 3 7 1 M e a n 2 4 R M S . 8 2 9 3 E n t r i e s 6 6 3 7 1 M e a n 2 4 R M S . 8 2 9 3

Visible VUV VUV Visible

SLIDE 33

Works for Visible Light too:

Cathode only configuration is much easier to model - Path of light easier to “predict”. MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary MC - Preliminary

SLIDE 34

Single PMT time resolution

Direct light Refmected light Note that flight time scales differently wrt distance for reflected/visible and VUVlight. MC - Preliminary

SLIDE 35

Timing

MC – Preliminary No electronics effects High energy events Timing resolution depends on the quantity

f arriving light (smaller

chance of missing photons coming in) MC - Preliminary

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Validating the Simulation

Simplest topology

– easy to understand.

Great to test

predictions vs reality.

Data agrees with

MC predictions (in progress).

μ

+ /

L

A r I A T P r e l i m i n a r y T h r

u

g h

g
i

n g μ E T L ( 2 ” ) P M T

P . K r y c z y n s k i