Tuta absoluta : the tomato leafminer R. Muniappan Director, Feed - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Tuta absoluta : the tomato leafminer R. Muniappan Director, Feed - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 25, 2022 521 likes •1.44k views

Tuta absoluta : the tomato leafminer R. Muniappan Director, Feed the Future Innovation Lab: Collaborative Research on Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL) Office of International Research, Education, and Development, Virginia Tech Tuta absoluta

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SLIDE 1

Tuta absoluta: the tomato leafminer

  • R. Muniappan

Director, Feed the Future Innovation Lab: Collaborative Research on Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL)

Office of International Research, Education, and Development, Virginia Tech

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SLIDE 2

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917

Family: Gelichiidae mily: Gelichiidae Or Order: Lepidopt der: Lepidoptera era Class: Insecta Class: Insecta Ph Phylum: Ar ylum: Arthr thropoda poda

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SLIDE 3

Tuta absoluta adult

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Tuta absoluta

  • Described in 1917 by Meyrick as

Phthorimaea absoluta from specimens collected in Peru

  • Gnorimoschema absoluta by Clarke

1962

  • Scorbipalpula absoluta by Povolny

1974

  • Tuta absoluta by Povolny in 1994
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SLIDE 5

Tuta absoluta (Gelichiidae)

Related Pest Species

Tomato pinworm – Keiferia lycopersicella

Guatemalan potato tuber moth – Tecia solanivora Potato tuber moth – Phthorimaea operculella Groundnut leafminer‐ Aproaerema modecella Pink bollworm ‐ Pectinophora gossypiella

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SLIDE 6

Phthoremaea operculella Tuta absoluta Pectinophora gossypiella

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SLIDE 7

Egg

Duration: 7 days

Eggs are oval‐cylindrical, 0.4 mm in length and 0.2 mm in diameter, Usually laid on under side of Leaves, buds, stems and calyx of unripe fruits

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SLIDE 8

Tuta ta absoluta absoluta - Eggs

  • Oviposition:

–Leaves ‐73% –Veins and stems ‐ 21% –Sepals ‐ 5% –Fruits ‐ 1%

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SLIDE 9

Larva

Duration: 8 days

There are 4 instars. Early instars are white or Cream with a black head, later they turn pink or green. Fully grown larvae drop to the ground in a silken thread and pupate in soil

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SLIDE 10

Pupa

Duration: 10 days

Pupae are brown, 4.3 mm in length and 1.1 mm in

  • width. Pupation

takes place in soil or

  • n plant parts such

as dried Leaves and stem.

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SLIDE 11

Adult

Female lives 10‐15 days Male lives 6‐7 days Adult moths are small Body length 7mm. They are brown or Silver color with Black spots on the wings

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SLIDE 12
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Tuta ta absoluta absoluta - Life Cycle

  • Duration of life cycle:

–At 140C ‐76 days –AT 200C ‐ 24 days –At 270C ‐ 24 days

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SLIDE 14

Tuta ta absoluta absoluta - Life Cycle

  • Life cycle: Multivoltine
  • Twelve generations in a year
  • Average 260 eggs laid by a female
  • Larvae mine in the mesophyll of the leaf
  • Four larval instars
  • Pupates in the soil and sometimes in the leaves
  • Prefers tomato but can complete in other solanaceous

plants

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SLIDE 15

Tuta ta absoluta absoluta – Hos Host plants plants

  • Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)
  • Solanum tuberosum (potato)
  • Solanum melongena (eggplant)
  • Capsium annuum (pepper)
  • Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)
  • Solanum nigrum
  • Datura stramonium
  • Solanum eleagnifolium
  • Physalis peruviana
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SLIDE 16

Tuta ta absoluta absoluta – Hos Host plants plants

  • Solanum bonariease
  • Solanum sisymbriifolium
  • Solanum sapponaceum
  • Lycopersicum puberulum
  • Datura ferox
  • Lycium sp.
  • Malva sp.
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SLIDE 17

Tuta absoluta Distribution

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SLIDE 18
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SLIDE 19

Tuta ta absoluta absoluta – Es Estabishment bishment

  • Spain

2006

  • Morocco

2007

  • Tunisia

2008

  • France

2008

  • Italy

2008

  • Canary Islands

2008

  • Algeria

2008

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SLIDE 20

Tuta ta absoluta absoluta – Es Estabishment bishment

  • Albania

2009

  • Bulgaria

2009

  • Netherlands

2009

  • Portugal

2009

  • United Kingdom

2009

  • Bulgaria

2010

  • Israel

2010

  • Hungary

2010

  • Turkey

2010

  • Serbia

2010

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SLIDE 21

Tuta ta absoluta absoluta – Es Estabishment bishment

  • Sudan

2012

  • Ethiopia

2012

  • Niger

2012

  • Senegal

2012

  • Afganistan

2013?

  • Pakistan

2013?

  • India

2013?

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SLIDE 22
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SLIDE 23
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SLIDE 24

Predicted Spread of Tuta absoluta in West and Central Africa

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Predicted Spread of Tuta absoluta in East and Central Africa

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To Tomato

  • World production in 2009

‐ 152 M tons

  • Production area

‐ 4.4 M ha

  • Top 10 tomato producing countries –

China, U.S.A., India, Turkey, Egypt, Italy, Iran, Spain, Brazil, and Mexico. In 2011, T. absoluta infested 1.0 M ha of tomato cultivated area (22% of cultivated surface) Now it is a threat to Asia and Africa (South of Sahara)

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SLIDE 27

Tuta absoluta – Leaf damage

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SLIDE 28

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta mining damage on leaf

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SLIDE 29

Leaf Mines

Tuta absoluta Liriomyza trifolii Phthorimaea operculella

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SLIDE 30

Distinguishing two economically important gelechiids

  • Tomato leafminer
  • T. absoluta

Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella

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SLIDE 31

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta entry points at nodes-Albania

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SLIDE 32

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta entry points at node

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SLIDE 33

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta damage under calyx

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SLIDE 34

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta damage—Greece

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SLIDE 35

Tuta absoluta – Fruit Damage

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SLIDE 36

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta tunnel in ripe fruit

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SLIDE 37

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta pupa on calyx

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SLIDE 38

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta damage on Eggplant fruits

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SLIDE 39

Regulatory View-Tuta

Eggplants destroyed by Tuta—Sudan

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SLIDE 40

Regulatory View-Tuta

Outside of Greenhouse, Murcia

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SLIDE 41

Regulatory View-Tuta

Inside another Greenhouse, Spain

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SLIDE 42

Regulatory View-Tuta

Inside a Tomato PES

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SLIDE 43

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tomato harvested with vines

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Economics of T. absoluta Establishment

  • In Spain, in the first year of

introduction, pesticides were applied 15 times per season.

  • The cost went up by 450 Euros per

hectare.

  • When T. absoluta invades rest of the

World, the tomato pest management cost will go up by $500 M per year.

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SLIDE 45

Economics of T. absoluta Establishment

  • Invasion is irreversible.
  • Management requires coordinated

efforts of research scientists, extension agents, and growers in invaded countries and those at risk.

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SLIDE 46

Management of T. absoluta

Detection ‐ Pheromone traps Cultural control ‐ Chemical control ‐ Biological control ‐ Resistant varieties ‐ Biopesticides ‐ IPM ‐

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SLIDE 47

Trapping protocols

  • Selecting trap and lure
  • Placing, checking, and replacing sticky cards
  • Replacing lures
  • Data recording
  • Collecting specimens
  • Processing specimens
  • Identification
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SLIDE 48

Why monitor with pheromone traps?

  • Detect first occurrences as Tuta absoluta

as it extends its range

  • Monitor local presence/absence under

area wide management schemes

  • Monitor populations in individual fields

to inform grower treatment decisions

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SLIDE 49

Identification

Progressively eliminate candidate specimens that are not Tuta absoluta

  • 1. Rely on pheromone traps for first detection. Specimens

attracted to pheromone trap are more likely to be T. absoluta than moths captured by other means.

  • 2. Eliminate moths that are clearly not T. absoluta. (e.g. too

large, too colorful)

  • 3. Process moths that cannot be eliminated from
  • consideration. Remove glue.
  • 4. Look for key characteristics.
  • 5. Send to an expert specimens that cannot be eliminated
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SLIDE 50

Management of T. absoluta

Pheromone traps: Russell IPM is a leading producer 0.5 mg and 0.8 mg lures are produced 0.8 mg is more effective 45 males/trap – action needed – Brazil 100 males/trap – action needed‐ Chile

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SLIDE 51

Regulatory View-Tuta

  • Tuta moths in Trap‐Senegal
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SLIDE 52

Regulatory View-Tuta

Single Tuta moth in Delta Trap

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SLIDE 53

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta adult captures

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SLIDE 54

Regulatory View-Tuta

Tuta water trap, Murcia, Spain

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SLIDE 55

Regulatory View-Tuta

Pheromone based water trap for Tuta

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SLIDE 56

Establishing monitoring networks

  • Develop common protocols for East Africa?
  • Dedicate resources to set up and maintain a

network of traps. Choose a scale that is practical.

  • Establish relationships with expert taxonomists
  • Build capacity to make IDs locally/regionally
  • Share data. Collaborate
  • Educate growers. They see things first.
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SLIDE 57

Cultural Control

  • Crop isolation: Greenhouses- screening

vents, installing double doors

  • Clean seedlings – Pest free
  • Crop residue be destroyed
  • Crop rotation with non-host crops
  • Soil solarization
  • Sprinkler irrigation
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SLIDE 58

Courtesy: NAPPO, 2012

North American Plant Protection Organization

www.nappo.org Ottawa, Canada

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SLIDE 59

USA Regulatory View-Tuta

  • First Federal Order - Feb. 23, 2009-

4 countries infested outside S. America.

  • Currently 2012 - over 55 countries
  • Current Federal Order - Aug. 14, 2012
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SLIDE 60

Management of T. absoluta

South America:

  • Chemical control
  • In 1970s ‐ Pyrethroids used
  • In 1980s ‐ Cartap used
  • In 1990s – Cartap alternated with

Pyrethroids

  • In early 2000 – Ten new molecules
  • f Pyrethroids used
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SLIDE 61

Biological control: Classical biological control Augmentative biological control Conservation biological control

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 62

Classical biological control

High success rate with invasive species Papaya mealybug control Cassava mealybug control Spiraling whitefly control Mango mealybug Not yet found a silver bullet for T. absoluta

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 63

Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus

Order: Hemiptera, Suborder: Sternorrhyncha, Family: Pseudococcidae

  • Native to Mexico
  • First Collected in 1955
  • First described in 1992
  • Caribbean: 1995-2000
  • Pacific: 2000-2005
  • Asia: 2008
  • West Africa: 2009
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SLIDE 64
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SLIDE 65
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SLIDE 66

Acerophagus papayae

Specific to papaya mealy bug

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SLIDE 67

Augmentative biological control

Used against native and invasive pests Trichogramma spp. Habrobracon hebetor

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 68

Augmentative biological control

Trichogramma acheae is used in Spain at the rate of 750,000 adults/hectare – every 3‐4 days.

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 69

Egg parasitoids Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae Eupelmidae Encyrtidae

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 70

Egg Parasitoids Trichogramma spp.

Trichogrammatidae

Hym.

Anastatus sp Eupelmidae Hym. Arrhenophagus sp. Encyrtidae Hym. Copidosoma sp. Encyrtidae Hym. Copidosoma desantisi Encyrtidae Hym. Copidosoma hoehleri Encyrtidae Hym.

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(South America)

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SLIDE 71

Egg parasitoids Trichogrammatidae Trichogramma exiguum (South America) Trichogramma nerudai (South America) Trichogramma pretiosum (South America) Trichogramma achaeae (Mediterranean)

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 72

Trichogrammaspp. Release of 450,000 parasitoids/ha, twice per week for 10 weeks Successful – Colombia and Brazil Unsuccessful – Chile Trichogramma acheae. Commercially available in Mediterranean. 250,000 – 500,000 adults/week

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 73

Larval parasitoids Hymenoptera: Bethylidae Braconidae Eulophidae Ichneumonidae Diptera: Tachinidae

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 74

Larval Parasitoids

Goniozuz nigrifemur Bethylidae Hym. Apanteles spp. Braconidae Hym. Bracon spp. Braconidae Hym. Chelonus sp. Braconidae Hym. Dineulophus phthorimaea Eulophidae Hym. Diadegma sp. Ichneumonidae Hym. Archytas sp. Tachinidae Dip.

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(South America)

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SLIDE 75

Larval parasitoids (South America) Apanteles gelechiidivoris – Braconidae Effecitive in Colombia Introduced from Colombia to Chile Dineulophus phthorimaeae – Eulophidae Provided 70% parasitism in Chile Pseudoaphanteles dignus ‐ Braconidae

  • P. Dignus and D. Phthorimaeae are important

parasitoids in Argentina

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 76

Larval parasitoids Necremnus artynes Eulophidae Hym. Stenomesius sp. Eulophidae Hym. Neochrysocharis formosa Eulophidae Hym. Habrobracon hebetor Braconidae Hym. Diadegma ledicola Ichneumonidae Hym.

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(Mediterranean)

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SLIDE 77

Pupal Parasitoids

Apanteles sp. Braconidae Hym. Conura sp. Chalcididae Hym. Invreia sp. Chalcididae Hym. Horismenus sp. Eulophidae Hym. Elasmus sp. Eulophidae Hym.

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(South America)

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SLIDE 78

Pupal parasitoids Mostly neglected Conura sp. Chalcididae, Hymenoptera was recorded up to 30% parasitism

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(Mediterranean)

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SLIDE 79

Nematodess Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Steinernema feltiae

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(Mediterranean)

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SLIDE 80

Predators Nesidiocoris tenuis Miridae Hem. Macrolophuspygmaeus Miridae Hem. Dicyphys marrocannus Miridae Hem. Vespidae sp Vespidae Hym. Amblyseius swirskii Phytoseiidae Acari Amblyseius cucumeris Phytoseiidae Acari

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(Mediterranean)

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SLIDE 81

Nesidiocoris tenuis? (Miridae)

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SLIDE 82

Predators

Only casual observations on generalist predators such as spiders, carabids, earwigs, hemipterans, wasps, ants, lace wings have been reported.

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(South America)

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SLIDE 83

Predators collected by Europeans: van Lanteran Campyloneuropsis infumatus Miridae Hem.

Engytatus vaians Miridae Hem. Maccroplophus basicornis Miridae Hem. Orius incidiosus Anthocoridae Hem. Geocoris punctipes Geocoridae Hem.

Natural enemies of T. absoluta

(South America)

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SLIDE 84

Conservation biological control

  • Avoiding use of chemical pesticides
  • Use of biopesticides that have less or

no adverse impact on natural enemies

  • Adoption of biological control
  • Adoption of cultural control

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 85

Conservation biological control

  • Habitat manipulation
  • Growing banker crops – bottle gourd
  • Growing nectar plants – coriander

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 86

Biopesticides:

  • Bacillus thuringiensis formulations
  • Beauveria bassiana applications
  • Nucleopolyhedrosis virus
  • Nucleogranulosis virus
  • Neem formulations

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 87

Combinations:

  • Bt and neem
  • B. bassiana and neem
  • Nucleopolyhedrosis (NPV) and neem
  • Granulosis viurs and neem
  • Bt and Nesidiocoris

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 88

IPM for tomato

  • Seed or

Seed or seedling treatm seedling treatment with ent with Tr Trichoderma, , Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas, and and Bacil Bacillus subtilus us subtilus

  • Solarization

Solarization of seed beds and in greenhouses

  • f seed beds and in greenhouses
  • Use of V

Use of VAM, neem cak M, neem cake, and o , and other organi her organics cs

  • Use of virus disease-resistant v

Use of virus disease-resistant varie rieties ies

  • Gra

Grafting on ting on resistant r resistant rootst

  • tstock
  • ck for bact

r bacterial wilt, cork r erial wilt, cork root

  • t

dise disease ase, and o and othe hers

  • Stakin

Staking and mulching g and mulching

  • Yello

llow sticky traps f w sticky traps for thrips, leafm r thrips, leafminer ners, e , etc. c.

  • Pher

Pheromone traps and use

  • mone traps and use of NPVs f
  • f NPVs for

r Tuta, ta, Helio Helioth this is and and Spodop

  • doptera

ra

  • Host free period and r

Host free period and roguing guing for contr

  • r control of virus diseases

l of virus diseases

Components

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SLIDE 89

What need to be done in East Africa region?

  • Establish a Tuta monitoring program
  • Establish international quarantine

regulations

  • Establish national quarantine regulations
  • When Tuta established: conduct survey of

local natural enemies recruited by it; identify effective ones; publish results.

Management of T. absoluta

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SLIDE 90

What need to be done in this region?

  • Take up Classical, Augmentative and/or

Conservation Biological Control.

  • Develop an IPM.
  • Integrate it with IPM package for Tomato.

Management of T. absoluta