Tropospheric Ozone and Its Impact on Climate and Environment Hajime - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Tropospheric Ozone and Its Impact

• n Climate and Environment

Hajime Akimoto Frontier Research Center for Global Change

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

CITES 2007 (APN Workshop on Atmospheric Composition and Air Quality), Tomsk, July 20-21, 2007

Acknowledge to APN

Contents

• 1. Importance of Tropospheric Ozone
• 2. Global Perspective of Tropospheric Ozone
• 3. Hemispherical Perspective of Tropospheric Ozone
• 4. Transport of ozone from Siberia to China to Japan
• 5. Impact on Vegetation and Climate

• 1. Importance of Tropospheric Ozone
• Toxic Gas

Human Health Plant Health (Forest trees and agricultural crops)

• Greenhouse Gas

Third GHG next to CH4 in global average Second GHG next to CO2 in NH average

• GHG-Lifetime Controlling Gas

CH4, HCFC, etc.

San Bernardino (California)

• Mt. Mitchell (North Carolina）

Appalachian Mountains

Tree Decline in USA

Contribution to Global Warming

• f Each Atmospheric Trace Species
• Radiative Forcing during 1850-2000 -

CO2 CH4 Trop. O3 Cloud

Long-lived GHG (Kyoto Gases） Short -lived Air Pollutants Sato and Hansen (2003)

CFC N2O Soil White Particle Black Particle

Global OH concentrations

Global CH4 lifetime = 9.4 yr Global CH3CCl3 lifetime = 5.0 yr O3 + hν → O (1D) + O2 O(1D) + H2O → 2OH OH + CH4, HCFC, etc. → products

OH January OH July

• 2. Global Perspective of

Tropospheric Ozone

• Global Historical Trends
• Global Distribution

Trend of Near Surface Ozone in 1870-2000

van Aadenne et al., Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 909, 2001

Historical Trend of Global NOx Emission (TgN/yr)

Comparison of Global Surface Ozone Distribution between Pre-industrial Era ant the Present

Lelieveld, J., F. Dentener, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3531-3551 (2000).

1860 May-August 1993 May-August

Surface ozone distributions (ppbv)

Jan./Apr./Jul./Oct.

• K. Sudo, J. Geophys., Res. 2002

January July April October

• 3. Hemispherical Perspective
• f Tropospheric Ozone
• East Eurasian Continental “Background”
• Our Mondy Station -
• Intercontinental Transport and Hemispherical

Air Pollution

• Trans-Eurasian Transport -

WMO/GAW Observation Sites for CO

Uniqueness of Our Station, Mondy

Mondy, Russia （2006 m) (51°39N 100°55E)

Our Observation Network for Regional and Hemispherical Air Pollution

100° E

NOx emission map in 1990

• Vostochnaya

Establishment of remote “background” site in Eastern Siberia Mondy Ozone and CO seasonal cycle

Long-term ozone observation from 1996 to present

Long-term CO observation from 1996 to present

Data missing period Due to instrument Problem and project discontinuit

Seasonal cycle of background ozone and CO at Mondy

Sep-96 Jan-97 May-97 Sep-97 Jan-98 May-98 Sep-98 Jan-99 May-99 Sep-99

• 10

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mondy ozone 9610-9912 Month Ozone mixing ratio (ppb)

Sep-96 Jan-97 May-97 Sep-97 Jan-98 May-98 Sep-98 Jan-99 May-99 Sep-99

• 50

100 150 200 250 300 350

Mondy CO 9703-9912 Month CO mixing ratio (ppb)

Both show spring maximum and summer minimum – typical ozone and CO pattern in remote Northern Hemisphere

Max: 55 ppb Min: 35 ppb Max: 200 ppb Min: 75 ppb

O3 CO

Daily Variation of Ozone And CO at Mondy -”Remote”

January, 1998 April, 1998 July, 1997 October, 1997 CO O3

Comparison of O3 observation at nearby Khulugaisha (3000 m) with Mondy (2006 m)

Very good correlation between Mondy and Khulugaisha is confirmed.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Mondy ozone (ppb) Khulugaisha ozone (ppb) Mondy = 0.87Khulugaisha + 4.77 R= 0.86

Data from March 2004 to March 2005 Mondy has been proved to be as an excellent remote “background” station.

Ozone data at Mondy in comparison with data at Listvynka, on Baikal Lake shore during

Ozone drop at Listvynka indicated local NO pollution from Listvynka or Irkutsk

winter 2003 to spring 2004

Intercontinental Transport and Hemispherical Air Pollution

• Relevant to the issue of global air quality,

intercontinental transport and hemispherical air pollution is now attracting international concern.

• Task Force on Hemispherical Transport of Air

Pollution (TF HTAP) has been organized under CLRTAP.

• Ozone, aerosols, POPs, and Hg are the most

concerned species.

Free Troposphere Boundary Layer

• N. America

Asia Europe

Intercontinental Transport at Northern Mid-latitudes

H H H L L L

Can European Pollution Affect East Asia?

Source: Newell and Evans [2000]

Remote Stations for Surface O3 in Europe and East Asia

Mountain (1600-2000 m): Arosa, Mondy and Happo Sea Level: Mace Head

Arosa, Switzerland Mondy, Russia Happo, Japan

Differences in “Background” Surface Ozone between Europe and East Asia (Trajectory categorized Observational Data)

East Asia is 5-10 ppb higher than Europe

Continental Background Atlantic Background

Differences in “Background” Ozone between Europe and East Asia can be reproduced by a model.

Derive regional background – remove local emissions Compare: Mace Head (Ireland) Arosa (Switzerland) Mondy (Siberia) Happo (Japan) East Asian Ozone lower in summer due to Asian monsoon Ozone 5-10 ppbv higher at Asian sites from autumn to spring – Why ?

• O. Wild (unpublished)

Differences in Surface Ozone between Europe and East Asia

Stratospheric influence greater over Asia –driven by subsidence

• ver Central Asia

Residual largely due to: –emissions over Europe –emissions over Eurasia Background O3 higher over Asia –implications for air quality

• O. Wild (unpublished)

Can we detect European influence of surface ozone at Mondy?

Observational Evidence of European Influence of O3 and CO at Mondy

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 200 300 400 500

a) Ozone Europe Siberia High Latitude Amount of Data (hr) Ozone mixing ratio (ppb)

50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 250

b) CO Amount of data (hr) CO mixing ratio (ppb) Europe Siberia High Latitude

EU EU SI SI HL HL

O3 CO Frequency Distributions (Annual) Annual Average Concentration

O3 and CO in European airmass is higher than Siberian and Arctic airmass.

• 4. Transport of ozone from

Siberia to China to Japan

• East Asian Air mass
• Regional Ozone Pollution in China
• Regional Ozone Pollution In Japan

SO2 NOx

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

China India Japan East Asia SouthEast Asia South Asia

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

China India Japan East Asia SouthEast Asia South Asia

Emission Trends of NOx and SO2

Typical Air Masses in East Asia

Three Mountain Observation Sites in China （North China Plain）

2063 m 1836 m 1538 m

• Mt. Hua
• Mt. Huang
• Mt. Tai

NO2 Column by SCIAMACHY

Seasonal cycles of ozone at three Seasonal cycles of ozone at three Chinese mountain Chinese mountain sites and sites and at Mondy at Mondy in East in East Siberia Siberia (monthly average)

Ozone variation in March 2005

1-Mar 5-Mar 9-Mar 13-Mar 17-Mar 21-Mar 25-Mar 29-Mar

20 40 60 80 100

Mondy Khulugaisha Taishan Ozone (ppb) Date 2005

Concentrations of O3, and CO at Mt. Tai in June 2006 (Hourly Average)

June, 2006

Classification of Trajectories Reaching to Oki, Japan

Contribution of Continental Pollution Continental Polluted Air Mass Continental Clean Air Mass

Estimation of Contribution of Continental Pollution to Japan based on Observation

• 5. Impact on Vegetation and

Climate

• Impact on Vegetation:
• AOT 40 -
• Impact on Climate
• Difference from long-lived (well-mixed) GHG -

AOT 40 for remote sites in Japan

Remote O3 Observation Sites in Japan

Seasonal Variation of Ozone at remote sites in Japan

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rishiri 1998-2000 Ozone concentration (ppb) Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Okinawa 1995-1996, 1998 Ozone concentration (ppb) Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Oki 1994-1998 Ozone concentration (ppb) Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Ogasawara 1997-1998 Ozone concentration (ppb) Month

Rishiri Oki Okinawa Ogasawara

AOT 40

(Accumulated Exposure Over a Threshold of 40 ppb)

AOT40 = Σ([O3]i - 40) δi δi = 0 for [O3] ＜ 40 ppb δi = 1 for [O3] ≧ 40 ppb

Critical Level of Ozone for Forest Trees and Agricultural Crops

AOT40 Accumulated Period (ppb・h) Crops 5,300 May-July, daylight hours Forest 10,000 April-September, 24 h per day Daylight Hours: Hours with a mean radiation of 50 W or greater

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

CL May-July 3-Month daylight AOT40 (ppm.h) Year

Oki Okinawa Rishiri

3-month AOT40 at remote Islands in Japan

(Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold of 40 ppb) CL: 5,300 ppb∗h

Climate Impact of Tropospheric Ozone

Chemistry-Climate Interaction

Effect on Surface Temperature by Tropospheric Ozone Increase since pre-industrial era studied by Chemical-Climate Model, CHASER

Radiative Forcing Change in Surface Temperature

DJF JJA

[%] [%] [%]

30-50% 30-50%

100 ) Tropo.O WMGHGs ( ) O Tropo. (

3 3

⋅ + ∆ ∆ T T

(%) DJF DJF JJA JJA Annual Mean Annual Mean

Contribution of Tropospheric Ozone Increase to Surface Temperature (％)

Summary

I hope you have understood much concern on tropospheric ozone issues from the view of:

• Hemispherical Transport
• Regional Pollution in Asia
• How about Russian pollution ? Not well known.

( Regional Pollution between Europe and Asia)

• 4. Impact on Vegetation and Climate