Transport of Pollution over Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TF HTAP / NAS / AC&C Workshop Washington, DC June 9-13, 2008 Transport of Pollution over Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico: Preliminary Results from MILAGRO Campaign MILAGRO Science Team

Outline of Presentation  Air pollution in megacities and large urban complexes • Air Quality in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area • MCMA 2002/2003 Field Measurement Campaign  MILAGRO Field Measurement Campaign • Preliminary Results

The Urban and Rural Population of the World (1950-2030) 8.1 billion 4.9 billion 3.2 billion The global proportion of urban population increased from 29% in 1950 to 49% in 2005 and is projected to reach 60% by 2030. 80% will be living in the less developed regions. Source: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospect: The 2005 Revision (2006).

20 Megacities of the World City 2005 1 Tokyo 35.2 2 Mexico City 19.4 3 New York 18.7 4 São Paulo 18.3 5 Mumbai 18.2 6 Delhi 15.0 7 Shanghai 14.5 8 Kolkata 14.3 9 Jakarta 13.2 10 Buenos Aires 12.6 11 Dhaka 12.4 12 Los Angeles 12.3 13 Karachi 11.6 14 Rio de Janeiro 11.5 MEGACITIES ( > 10 Million inhabitants) 15 Osaka-Kobe 11.3 1950 – 2 (New York City, Tokyo) 16 Cairo 11.1 17 Lagos 10.9 2000 – 20 18 Beijing 10.7 19 Manila 10.7 Cities with 1 million inhabitants 20 Moscow 10.7 2000: > 300 Asia and Africa: fastest growing urban centers Source: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospect: The 2005 Revision (2006).

Urbanization: Local, regional, and global impacts Regional Urban Global Increased energy usage in Pollutants emitted from Global Impacts urban areas including urban areas can react in trace gases and motor vehicles and sunlight to form other aerosols can industrial activities leads to products downwind of lead to weather high levels of emissions. the cities. modification and global - Urban air quality - acid deposition; climate change. degradation; - ecosystem degradation; - both chronic and acute - changes in regional health effects; climate . - visibility reduction.

Topographical Map of Mexico City Metropolitan Area showing the Urban Expansion • Population Growth >18 million (2000): 20-fold increase since 1900 • Urban Sprawl >1500 km2 (2000): 10-fold increase since 1960 >Expansion to peripheral areas • Geographic and Topographical Conditions >High altitude (2240m): less efficient combustion processes >Mountains are a physical barrier for winds >2nd largest megacity in the world >Temperature inversions in the dry season • Increases in Emissions Sources Source: L.T. Molina and M.J. Molina, ed., Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity: An Integrated Assessment, Kluwer Publishers, 2002.

Diurnal Variation of some photochemical variables from MCMA-2003 Campaign (a) : Measured OH in MCMA (solid line) and in NYC (plusses); (b) : measured HO2 in MCMA (a) : Median ozone in MCMA 2003 (solid line) and (solid line) and NYC (plusses). Gray dots are NYC 2001 (plusses). (b) : Median NOx in MCMA individual MCMA measurements. 2003 (solid line) and NYC 2001 (plusses). Gray dots are individual MCMA measurements. (c) : Source: Shirley, T. R., Brune, W. H., Ren, X., Mao, J., Lesher, R., Cardenas, B., Median VOCs from 4 sites in MCMA 2003 (solid Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Lamb, B. , Velasco, E. , Jobson, T., line) and NYC 2001 (plusses). Alexander, M.: Atmospheric oxidation in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during April 2003, Atmos . Chem . Phys . , 6, 2753-2765, 2006.

Classification of MCMA-2003 Meteorological Events (three basin flow patterns and different synoptic scales) Cold Surge O3-North O3-South GOES-12 Basin Schematic (Source: de Foy et al., 2006)

MILAGRO Campaign Megacity Initiative: Local And Global Research Observations First international scientific collaborative project to examine the behavior and the export of atmospheric pollutants generated in magacities. Scientific Goals:  What is the temporal and spatial extent of pollution plumes from megacities?  How and where are urban pollutants removed from the atmosphere?  What are the regional and global impacts of urban plumes?

MILAGRO Case Study: Why Mexico City?  Representative tropical megacity  Extensive air quality monitoring network, good meteorology support, emissions inventories and infrastructure  Excellent scientific collaborations  Previous Campaign: MCMA-2003 • Surface gas and aerosol measurements at supersite and using mobile labs • Plenty of aerosol from representative area - large signal • High photochemical activity to maximize chemical changes • Significant organics to look at secondary organics aerosols  Ground and aircraft operations – downwind sites

MILAGRO Campaign: Four coordinated components MCMA-2006 (Mexico City Metropolitan Area – 2006) - examine emissions and boundary layer concentrations within México City; - study the exposure patterns and effects on human health; - evaluate policies to reduce pollutant levels. MAX-Mex (Megacity Aerosol Experiment – Mexico) - examine the properties and evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol interactions in the immediate urban outflow. MIRAGE-Mex (Megacity Impacts on Regional & Global Environments – Mexico) - examine the evolution of the México City plume on larger regional scales. INTEX-B (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment – Phase B) - study the transport, transformation and impacts of aerosols and gases on air quality and climate from local to global scales. Inter-comparison of observations among multiple ground-based, airborne and satellite platforms in order to generate a comprehensive integrated data set. The overall Campaign is supported by forecasts from meteorological and chemical models and surface network.

MILAGRO Campaign: Four Coordinated Components St. Louis San Francisco Geographic Coverage Los Angeles Atlanta San Diego, Dallas Tijuana El Paso Ciudad Houston Juárez Miami Monterrey Havana Guadalajara Veracruz Mexico City Tegucigalpa Guatemala Managua San Salvador San José Designed by M. Zavala INTEX-B MIRAGE-Mex MAX-Mex MCMA-2006 NASA DC-8 NSF C-130, DOE G-1, Supersites, King Air, Supersite King Air, Supersite Moblle Laboratories J-31, Satellites (NCAR) (DOE ASP) (MCE2) (NASA)

MCMA-2006: Ground-Based Measurement Sites Supersites (T0, T1, T2) SIMAT (Flux Tower) CENICA Tula (refinery, power plant) Naucaplan (industrial zone) RAMA (36 monitoring stations) Mobile units (9 stations) Mobil Labs - ARI Mobile Lab - U. Iowa (Lidar) - Chalmers (DOAS) Ultralight airplane Paso de Cortes AOT Network

MILAGRO Campaign: Supersites T0, T1,T2: transport of urban plume to different points in space & time. T0: IMP Supersite of MCMA-2006, equipped with instruments Wind 19° 29.355 ’ N Profiler 99 ° 08.960 ’ W Altitude 2255 m to measure gases, Bldg. 27 Bldg. 32 Bldg. 31 Bldg. 33 aerosols, radiation and Bldg. 20 19° 29.400 ’ N 19° 29.374 ’ N 99 ° 08.911 ’ W 99 ° 08.943 ’ W Altitude 2257 m Altitude 2244 m meteorological parameters 19° 29.368 ’ N 99 ° 08.860 ’ W Altitude 2247 m to characterize the T0: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, DF emissions of pollutants from the urban area T2: Rancho La Bisnaga T1: Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, EM (near Tizayuca, Hidalgo) Supersite of MIRAGE-Mex: Supersite of MAX-Mex: study the examine outflow of urban plume evolution of aerosols

MILAGRO: Aircraft Measurements (Intercomparison, coordinated flights, sharing of data) 5 aircraft based in Veracruz DOE G-1 NSF/NCAR C-130 To study: - pollution in the region over Mexico City, the rise of pollution from Twin Otter the surface, and its spread into the region; King Air - effects of aerosol particles on visibility, J-31 sunlight, and climate; - fires DC-8: Based in Houston, Texas - NASA DC-8 Study pollution throughout the Gulf of Mexico region at altitudes from near the surface to 10 km; help improve satellite observations. Ultralight plane (IMK-IFU)

Mobile Emissions in the MCMA using MCMA/2003 and MCMA/2006 Observations 2. On-road 1. Observed highly measurement technique for the inhomogeneous spatial validation of the distributions of emissions Emissions Inventory 3. Measured reduction of VOC emission ratios in Mexico City 1.0 2003 2006 ppb/ppm 0.1 0.0 Zavala et al. , 2007 H2CO CH3CHO Benzene Toluene C2- C3- Benzene Benzene

Apel et al., AGU’07 * designates UCI measurement Concentration pptv 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 Methanol *Propane Formaldehyde Acetone in Mexico City C-130 Overflights VOC Abundance and Reactivity Acetaldehyde VOC Abundance High methanol *Ethyne Butane Ethane Ethanol *Ethene Toluene Propanal i-Pentane i-Butane MEK Acetonitrile Pentane MTBE Benzene Butanal *Propene % OH Reactivity 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Propanal Methanol VOC K OH Reactivity from aldehydes ~60% of reactivity *Ethene *Propane Butane Toluene Ethanol Butanal *Propene i-Pentane *Ethyne Pentane i-Butane MTBE Acetone MEK *Ethane Benzene 17

Total Observed Organic Carbon Heald et al., ACP 2008 18

MCMA-2006: Photochemistry and SOA Formation