Transfer factors in marine biota: Further evaluation of the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transfer factors in marine biota:

Further evaluation of the phylogenetic bioaccumulation hypothesis Fish taxa: distributions in body components Life cycle radioecology Amphioxus the hyper-accumulator: longer-term experiment

Ross Jeffree, Francois Oberhansli, Fanny Houlbreque and Jean-Louis Teyssie

Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco.

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Phylogenetic bioaccumulation hypothesis……

• The working hypothesis:

– a) Evolutionary divergent organisms have different patterns of

bioaccumulation of trace elements

– b) The greater the period of divergence the greater the differences

• Hypothesis tested by short-term experimental bioaccumulation from seawater of multiple

radiotracers (whole body + body component CFs);

54Mn, 60Co, 65Zn, 109Cd, 110mAg, 75Se, 134Cs, 241Am, 51Cr

• Outcomes

– Differences demonstrated can subsequently be interpreted in terms of

differences in physiology and anatomy

– Can identify ‘at risk’ taxa, relative to reference organisms

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

528

Group average

Samples 2 4 6 Distance

Transform: Log(X+1) Normalise Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance

Taxon

c t a s ce

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

G r o u p a v e r a g e

S a m p le s 2 4 6 Distance

T r a n s f o r m : L o g ( X + 1 ) N o r m a lis e R e s e m b la n c e : D 1 E u c lid e a n d is t a n c e

T a x o n

c t a s c e

528

>1000 mybp 528 mybp 380 mybp

Evolutionary divergence times (mybp)

Both filter feeders, but very different bioaccumulation patterns

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Most primitive ray-finned fish- the African bichir

Mitogenomic-based phylogenetic relationships of fishes (Inoue et al., 2003)

Order: Polypteriformes Family: Polypteridae Genus: Polypterus

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

MDS analysis……

Transform: Log(X+1) Standardise Samples by Total Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance

Taxon

c t sf sb act

c c c c c c c t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t tt t c c c c c c sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sb sb sb sb sb sb sb act act act act act act act act

2D Stress: 0.08

Transform: Log(X+1) Standardise Samples by Total Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance

Cs-134

0.6 2.4 4.2 6

2D Stress: 0.08 Transform: Log(X+1) Standardise Samples by Total Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance

Se-75

3 12 21 30

2D Stress: 0.08 Transform: Log(X+1) Standardise Samples by Total Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance

Zn-65

20 80 140 200

2D Stress: 0.08

65-Zn Bikir

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (d) CF 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 % R eten tio n

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Comparisons of tissue distributions of among bony and cartilagenous fishes…….

• The picture based on whole body CFs

d d d d d d d r r r r to to b b b b b b b ba ba t t t t t t t t t t ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba

Samples 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Distance

Transform: Log(X+1) Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance

• point of separation between all

chondrichthyans and teleosts

• the majority of individual fishes

group in species-specific clusters lower in the dendrogram

• the three teleost species are less

diverse among themselves than the chondrichthyans

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Comparisons of tissue distributions of among bony and cartilagenous fishes…….

• Head

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

2D Stress: 0.08

head

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

2D Stress: 0.13

liver

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

Zn-65

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

Zn-65

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Comparisons of tissue distributions of among bony and cartilagenous fishes…….

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

2D Stress: 0.08

digestive tract

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

2D Stress: 0.11

kidney

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

2D Stress: 0.08

Mn-54

d d d d d d d b b b b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to

2D Stress: 0.11

Cs-134

134Cs

MT MT

MT

60Co 60Co 60Co 134Cs 134Cs 134Cs 241Am 241Am

FOOD

65Zn 65Zn

DISSOLVED

241Am 65Zn 60Co 134Cs 134Cs 134Cs 134Cs 134Cs 134Cs 134Cs 134Cs 60Co 60Co 60Co 60Co 60Co 60Co 60Co 60Co 241Am 241Am 241Am 241Am 241Am 241Am 241Am 65Zn Life cycle experimental program on small shark .Comprehensive life-history radioecology

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Maternal transfer to eggs ……the 4th exposure pathway

Cumulative ingestion patterns of food + radionuclides for each maternal dogfish

5000 10000 15000 20000

50 100 150 200 250

DAYS

Shark1 Shark2 Shark8

Pattern of egg laying by each maternal dogfish

Experimental design

feeding phase post-feeding phase

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Maternal transfer to eggs ……

• Maternal to embryo

transfer factors;

• Pattern of post-feeding

reductions in maternal transfer to egg

65Zn

y = 0.0007x R

50 100 150 50000 100000 Total activity ingested by mother Total activity in eggs

65Zn

50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 150 200 days % retained

SH1 SH2 60Co

50 100 50 100 150 200 days % retained

SH1 SH2

60Co

y = 0.0003x R

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5000 10000 Total activity ingested by mother T o ta l a ctiv ity in e g g s

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Maternal transfer to eggs ……

Distributions in eggs

60-Co

50 100 15 18 22 29 35 38 45

days % isotope distribution CASE YOLK JELLY

65-Zn

50 100 15 18 22 29 35 38 45

days % isotope distribution

65Zn

50 100 22 31 40 47 73 79 86 87 91 99 110 113 121 122 126 131 132 138 141 159 163 173

% isotope distribution 60Co

50 100 22 31 40 47 73 79 86 87 91 99 110 113 121 122 126 131 132 138 141 159 163 173

% isotope distribution

CASE YOLK JELLY

Feeding phase Post-feeding phase

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Full term patterns of accumulation in a dogfish egg for 8 trace elements

• Total egg: water CFs

F3

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 50 100 150

Time (d) CF

54Mn 60Co 65Zn 75Se 110mAg 109Cd 134Cs 241Am

• Change of slope

when apertures in case are opened

• Continual increases

with period of exposure to labelled seawater for Ag, Zn, Co, Am.

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Full term accumulation patterns in the dogfish embryo and its egg case; water to tissue CFs

CASE

5000 10000 15000 20000 50 100 150

Time (days) CF 54Mn 60Co 65Zn 75Se 110mAg 109Cd 134Cs 241Am

EMBRYO

100 200 300 400 500 50 100 150

Time (days) CF 54Mn 60Co 65Zn 75Se 110mAg 109Cd 134Cs 241Am

• Very high CFs in total egg case for gamma-

emitting nuclides…..what are possible radiation doses to embryo from case?

• All contaminants found in the embryo
• Embryo’s stage of development affects

bioaccumulation?

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Transfer to hatched pup from water exposure pathway……

Water: Dogfish pup CFs Mn-54 0.4 Co-60 0.8 Zn-65 15.1 Se-75 1.7 Ag- 110m 64 Cd-109 0.3 Cs-134 0.1 Am-241 1.8

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Amphioxus the hyper-accumulator

• A previous experiment indicated high capacity

to accumulate all 8 radiotracers from seawater, compared to bony and cartilagenous fish

Transform: Log(X+1) Standardise Samples by Total Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance

Co-60

20 80 140 200

2D Stress: 0.08

Transform : Log(X+1) Standardise Sam ples by Total Resem blance: D1 Euclidean distance

Ag-110m

500 2E3 3.5E3 5E3

d d d d d d d b bb b b b b ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba t t t t t t t t t t r r r r to to a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

2D Stress: 0.08

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Amphioxus the hyper-accumulator

• This first experiment was repeated

and extended

57Co y = 5.333x R2 = 0.9892 y = 11.148x R2 = 0.9984 50 100 150 200 250 300 10 20 30

Days CF

65Zn y = 30.856x R2 = 0.9492 y = 95.806x R2 = 0.9804 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 10 20 30

Days CF

110mAg

y = 132.65x R2 = 0.9508 y = 342.9x R2 = 0.9715 5000 10000 10 20 30

Days CF

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Amphioxus the hyper-accumulator

134Cs y = 0.3657x R2 = -0.3165 y = 0.6767x R2 = 0.5414 5 10 15 20 10 20 30

Days CF

241Am

y = 10.147x R2 = 0.9417 y = 45.407x R2 = 0.8984 500 1000 10 20 30

Days CF

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Experimental programme for 2010/2011……

• Marine reference organisms;
• Fish;
• African lungfish
• class Sarcopterygii
• Phylum Hemichordata

and Subphylum Urochordata

Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco International Atomic Energy Agency

• Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Conclusions……

• Results are still generally consistent with the working hypothesis of phylogenetically-based

bioaccumulation patterns in marine fishes, freshwater fishes, cephalochordata and sponges, based on whole body: water CFs, viz.;

– Different between species and higher taxonomic categories – Differences tend to be greater with longer period of evolutionary divergence

• What physiological/ anatomical differences are driving the contrasts in bioaccumulation patterns?

– Data for CFs in six dissected body compartments show strong contrasts between

bony and cartilagenous fishes; radiological implications

– Still to interpret in terms of well established differences between teleosts and

chondrichthyans in physiology and anatomy

• Comprehensive life history radioecology
• done for humans, so worth considering for other selected biota
• Amphioxus

– Bioaccumulation capacity is confirmed and indicated to be greater than initially

indicated