Sustainable Energy Production from Biogas Lebanons Biogas Potential - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sustainable Energy Production from Biogas

Lebanon’s Biogas Potential - Prepared by Dr. Hassan Harajli - Jad Taha El Baba - Mark Khawaja

Biogas in Lebanese Policy Papers

Timeline of the expected Bioenergy plan for Lebanon according to NREAP

Renewable Energy Mix is expected to satisfy 12% of the demand for electricity and heating by 2020. Bioenergy is an important source and will provide energy as shown below:

2025 974.3 GWh 210.4 ktoe Present 2020 771.5 GWh 166.6 ktoe 2030 1177.0 GWh 254.2 ktoe

Limited Applications for heating (wood stoves and chimneys)

Approved by the Council of Ministers in January 2018. The policy is founded on the principle of a decentralized approach to waste management by adopting an integrated solid waste management hierarchy towards a circular economy:

Integrated Solid Waste Management Policy Paper

2025 Present 2024 25% material recovery 35% energy recovery 40% sanitary recovery 2035 35% material recovery 50% energy recovery 15% sanitary landfilling

Biogas Production and Utilization

Anaerobic Digestion Systems

• Biomass Energy Generation is the process

where agricultural products and organic solid waste are used directly to create electric power.

• This specific technology and process is critical

in discussing the future abilities and resources for renewable mix in energy and power grids, and can contribute to the overall goal of moving toward entire dependence on renewable sources especially in rural areas relying on an agricultural as the main source

• f income.

Source: https://glwenergy.com/what-is-a-biogas-digester/

Biogas Application from different waste streams

1. Animal Wastes a. Manure: Cow, Goat, Poultry, Pig b. Slaughterhouses: Animal fat, Stomach and Gut content, Blood 2. Crops Residues a. Harvest Residues: Straw, Grass, Flower waste, Stems, Sugar Beet Toppings, Corn Silage, Green Clipping, Grains b. Agricultural wastes 3. Municipal and Industrial Waste a. Food Waste: Restaurants, Hotels, Hospitals, Schools, Municipal Organic Solid Waste (garbage sourcing), Bakeries, Supermarkets, Food Processing Companies b. Breweries: Wine, Beer (Yeast) c. Oil Refineries: Oil, Fats, Greases d. Paper Industries: Gelatine, Waxes, Starch e. Sewage f. Pharmaceutical Wastes: Proteinacious wastes, Bacterial Cells

Technology Options for Anaerobic Digestion

Batch Reactor

Advantages:

• High conversion rates
• Low Tech and Simple
• Easy to Clean

Disadvantages:

• High Labour cost per production
• Difficult to maintain for large

scale production

Source: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/chemical-reactors.html

Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

Advantages:

• Easy Maintenance
• Low upfront cost
• Large Heat Capacity and

Temperature Control

• Easy Access to Interior

Disadvantages:

• Small conversion rate
• Dead zones (Where no mixing)
• Reactant can Bypass [2]

Source: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/chemical-reactors.html

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)

Advantages:

• Easily maintained (when no moving parts are included)
• High conversion rate per unit volume
• Unvarying product quality throughout the process
• Appropriate for large capacity process

Disadvantages:

• Poor temperature control (Hot spots occur)
• Poor mixing

Source: http://www.mdpi.com/

Covered Lagoon Digester

Source: https://floatingcovers.wordpress.com/tag/lagoon-covers/

Advantages:

• Low Cost/Low Tech
• Easy to construct and maintain
• Reduces odours

Disadvantages:

• Large Land Footprint
• Solids/ Nutrients Accumulation
• Temperature not controlled

(Ambient Temperature)

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB)

Advantages:

• Short hydraulic retention
• High COD removal rate

Disadvantages:

• Treatment may be unstable

with variable hydraulic and

• rganic loads
• Complex and expensive
• Long start-up time to work

at full capacity

Source:http://www.valbio.com/fr/Technologies/

Electricity Production

2- Gas Spark Plug Engines

Run 100% on biogas due to the spark ignition. Upfront costs higher than conventional generators but running cost is lower

1- Diesel Generators - Operation

• n dual fuel mode

3- Gas Turbines

Tolerates low quality of biogas and have lower running

• cost. However, upfront cost is high. General Electric

engines generate 100 kW to 10 MW of power with electrical efficiency varying from 38% to 50%. Mixture

• f

diesel biogas and combustion air. Diesel consumption is reduced by 80%

Heat Production and Other Uses

• A biogas plant can be fitted with a

Combined heat and Power generation (CHP) unit.

• Heat is extracted from the engine’s

cooling system and exhaust gases.

• Heat is used to keep the digester at

an optimal temperature and spare heat is sent to home use.

Source: http://forschung-energiespeicher.info/en/

Heat Production and Other Uses

Remainings of the digested materials can also be useful:

Solid and liquid digested materials can be processed in many different nutrient rich products such: Compost, Fertilizer, Soil Amendments and Animal Bedding.

Biogas can be upgraded to Methane and used as a substitute to natural gas:

1- Bio-CNG (Compressed to 200-250 bar and stored in cylinders) 2- Bio-LNG (Liquefied at -162 C and stored in vessel) 3- Gas grid injection (pressurised to 8 bar and injected into existing natural gas system) In all cases, biogas should be cleaned, upgraded to high methane level (>95%) by removing CO2 and pressurised.

Source:https://www.greenline-energy.de/en/technology-sectors/biogas- plants.html

Biogas Production in Lebanon

Lebanon’s Biogas Theoretical Potential from Animal Manure

3% of total electricity demand

Manure from Number of Farms Total Number

• f Animals

Average Animal per Farm Biggest Farm Quantity of Manure (kg/day) Biogas Potential (m3/day) Electricity Potential (kwh/day) Cows 2,912 54,095 18.5 2,050 889,233 389,481 584,221 Pigs 35 7,701 220 2,000 63,296 1,108 1,662 Goat 4,784 401,134 83.8 6,500 879,198 71,660 104,972 Sheep 3,463 262,888 75.9 7,200 576,193 46,963 68,794 Chicken - farmers 43 753,645 17,526 224,875 51,620 1,069 1,603.5 Chicken - industrial 4 (67% of total) 72,000,000 18,000,000 21,600,000 4,931,507 102,681 860,272 Total

• 7,391,047

612,962 1,621,525

Source: Ministry of Agriculture 2010 and own calculation

Comparison of Manure Mono-digestion with substrates Co- digestion

Advantages 1- Improve Nutrient Balance and Digestion 2- Equalize Particulate, Settling and Acidifying 3- Additional Biogas Collection 4- Escape Fees for Waste Management 5- Fertilizer Reclamation (Soil Conditioner) Disadvantages 1- Additional Pre-treatment and Mixing Requirements 2- Hygienistion Requirements 3- Increase Digester Effluent COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)

Bioresource Technology, 2011

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms - 1

Domaine de Taanayel Biogas System was to treat 3.8 t/d in summer and 6.95 t/day in winter. 10% Cheese Whey, 5% Separated Organic Waste and 85% Cow Manure Masri Cow Farm produces around 50 t/day of waste, however the biogas system was to treat only 15.1 t/d of cattle manure and a small quantity of slaughterhouse waste.

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms -2

A 95 kWp PV system is installed at Taanayel, a 30 kWe biogas system was designed to complement that. The average total electricity demand is 450 kWh/d, which is mainly used for pumping, refrigeration and feed preparation. More than 90% of electricity demand can produced by biogas.

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms -3

A CSTR Biogas System was suggested to the Taanayel Cow

• Farm. The combination of different waste streams and the

ambient climate dictate the choice of the CSTR system. A Lagoon Biogas System was suggested for the Masri Cow

• Farm. The ambient temperature in the coastal area of farm

presented favorable condition for such system.

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms - 4

Synergies Achieved with Biogas Implementations in different sectors

Waste Management and Treatment Electricity and Heat Production Climate Change Mitigation (reduces CH4 and CO2 emissions) Energy Mix Diversification and Energy Security Agricultural Sector Upgrade Employment Generation

Policy Recommendations

Improve collaboration and cooperation between different government ministries to achieve the biogas potential Update laws and regulations to allow electricity generation from Medium Voltage (MV) feeder to be fed to the grid. Allowing net-metering but also preferably feed in tariffs. Partially subsidize (grant or loan) the implementation of the first biogas plants in Lebanon. To initiate the market and decrease price. Enable municipalities and union of municipalities to operate biogas production plants Synergize potential gas network infrastructure with biogas site location Capacity building in the key sectors of the biogas value chain: agriculture, engineering design, logistics and operation & maintenance.

Thanks!

Contact us: CEDRO Beirut Central District 1st Floor, Bldg 287B, Maarad Street Beirut, Lebanon hassan.harajli@undp.org jad.el-baba@undp.org http://www.cedro-undp.org/