[PDF] - Tipping Point 2013: Radically rethinking our response to cats PDF Document

SLIDE 1

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Tipping Point 2013: Radically rethinking our response to cats

Dr. Kate Hurley

UC Davis Koret Shelter Medicine Program www.sheltermedicine.com www.facebook.com/sheltermedicine

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

How did I get here?

Uh oh…

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Which of these things is not like the others?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 2

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Which of these things is not like the others?

4

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

The Cat Continuum

5

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Pet cats

74-86 million pet cats 80-85% are sterilized

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 3

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

“Community” cats

30-80 million un-owned cats 2% are sterilized

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Some common assumptions on which sheltering programs are based

“Spay/neuter and educational efforts targeted at owners and pets will reduce shelter intake.” “Shelter animals have

wners who might come

looking for them.” “Shelter animals could be adopted if not reclaimed.”

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

How’s that working for you?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 4

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Some good news

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 5 10 15 20 25

1970 1985 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Cats & dogs killed per 1,000 humans Millions of dogs & cats killed

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

But…

…and it’s a BIG but…

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Ohio 1996-2004

+10%

19%

+11%

40%
60%
40%
20%

0% 20%

Intake Euthanasia

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 5

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Colorado 2000-2007

20%

11%

36% 0%

20%
10%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Intake Euthanasia

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

+28%

1%

+24%

32%
40%
30%
20%
10%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Intake Euthanasia

California 2000-2010

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

The Cat Who Loved Kittens

She was a stray, domestic long-haired blue cream tortoiseshell, who was brought to our shelter 29 days ago. She was a very pretty cat. She loved kittens. She didn’t have any with her when she came in, but when she was allowed out of her cage for exercise, she would run up to the cages with kittens in them and try to clean them by licking them….On the days that our shelter was closed, I’d let her out of the cage to stretch out on my desk and she’d try to play with my pen while I tried to do my

paperwork. Two weeks ago, she became the cat who had been

at our shelter the longest, so I had her photographed and made her ‘Pet of the Week’ in our local newspaper. Unfortunately not

ne person called…No one cared that she was beautiful. No one

cared that she got along with dogs and cats. No one cared that she was young or that she had silky fur, or that she liked to clean kittens, or stretch out on a desk or play with a pen…

15

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 6

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

“…Today, when other unwanted cats came through our door filling our cat room beyond capacity, I lovingly took her life.”

“The cat who loved kittens”

* Excerpted from GETTING TO ZERO: A ROADMAP TO ENDING ANIMAL SHELTER OVERPOPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES — PETER MARSH, http://www.shelteroverpopulation.org/

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Graphic picture ahead

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

In California alone: 2,510,741 cats in 10 years 276,052 in one year 756 per day What is the cost?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 7

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Why?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

What are the goals of a shelter?

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

How does admitting healthy cats to shelters, in excess of the number released alive, serve these goals?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 8

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Abide by relevant laws?

Obligation to hold
r obligation to

impound?

Healthy or injured,

sick and aggressive?

Stray or owner

surrendered?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Resolve complaints?

Leave the cats alone Trap & kill the cats Other

81% 14%

“What would you do about un-owned cats in the street?”

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 9

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Reunite cats with owners?

.

Only ~2% of cats reclaimed by owners nationally

Cats are >13 times more likely to return home by non-shelter than by shelter means 66% of lost cats found because they return home. Only 7% found via call or visit to shelter Cats are almost 3 times as likely as dogs to “disappear” from households

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 10

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Maintain health and welfare?

28

Shall certain farm animals be allowed, for the majority of every day, to fully extend their limbs or wings, lie down, stand up and turn around?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

29

No: 37% (4,731,738)

Yes: 64% (8,203, 769)

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Maintain health and welfare?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 11

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Find new homes?

10,000

20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000

Cat Adoptions at California Shelters

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Find new homes?

50,000

100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000

Cat Intakes/Outcomes at California Shelters

Cat Intake Cats Euthanized Cats Adopted

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 12

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Not the only game in town

41% 34% 29% 19% 10% Friend/relative Stray Adopted Other Bred at home

Sources

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

35

Not the only game in town

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 13

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals?

Less than 1% of >100,000 cats at TNR clinics euthanized for humane reasons Body condition score 5/9 on shelter intake Annual survival of semi-

wned cats up to 90%

(un-owned ~50%)

Feral cats deserve care, not abandonment

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals?

AP-Petside.com Poll 7 in 10 pet owners say shelters should kill only animals too sick or aggressive for adoption

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________

SLIDE 14

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

How do you define “euthanasia”?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 15

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Mitigate harm associated with free- roaming animals?

Studies show mixed

effect of cats

Micro-habitat

specific effect

Shelter holding and

euthanasia is costly, time consuming, and untargeted

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Reduce pet overpopulation?

61% 35% 3% 1% Outdoor community cats Outdoor pet cats Cats impounded & euthanized Cats impounded & released alive

Shelter and community cat dynamics in California - 2010

Try this at home!

http://www.sheltermedicine.com/documents/ shelter-and-outdoor-cat-population- calculator

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 16

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Reduce pet overpopulation?

50% permanent removal or 75% sterilization required to reduce population Less than 5% of outdoor cat population admitted to California shelters annually Far less than 1% in shelters

n any given day

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Would your community support a ten-fold increase in feline euthanasia?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Abide by all relevant laws
Resolve citizen complaints and concerns
Reunite lost pets with owners
Maintain health and welfare in shelter
Find new homes for pets
Euthanize suffering or dangerous animals
Mitigate harm associated with free-roaming

animals

Reduce pet over-population

What are the goals of a shelter?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 17

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Ineffective lethal control

Wildlife Services’ deadly force opens Pandora’s box of environmental problems

By Tom Knudson April 30, 2012

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Discontinuing ineffective lethal control

Suggestions in changing Wildlife Services range from new practices to outright bans

By Tom Knudson May 6, 2012

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Using a tool that’s mismatched to the job is hurting cats, shelters, and communities, and distracting us from finding real solutions

The bottom line

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 18

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

How about we just stop?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

What could we do instead?

Expand the options for live

release via Shelter-Neuter- Return

Limit intake to only those cats

that can be released alive, or for whom death is clearly the best alternative

Invest resources not spent on

killing cats on programs to benefit cats, wildlife and communities

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________

SLIDE 19

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

What do these two things have in common?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Saints, jerks and canned goods

Food drive next week! Bring canned goods to the booth on Tressider Plaza

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Who gave?

Saints 8% Jerks 0%

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 20

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Plan B

Food drive next week! Bring canned goods to the booth on Tressider Plaza Beans would be great Here is a map:

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Saints 42% Jerks 25%

Who gave?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

A jerk with a map can act just like a saint

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 21

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

The current map

TNR-town Find-the-

wner-land

Humane- deterrent-burg Just-deal-ville

Shelter intake and euthanasia

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Redrawing the map

TNR-town Find-the-

wner-land

Humane- deterrent-burg Just-deal-ville

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Limited or scheduled intake

 Today, you don’t have the resources to provide spay/neuter/return  Today, the outcome if admitted will be euthanasia of that cat

r another

 The cat is not suffering, at immediate risk, or causing danger in the community

Sutter County animal shelter to stop accepting healthy stray cats

By Bill Lindelof June 19, 2012

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 22

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

FIRST, stop bailing. Then see if you can build a dam, divert the flow, build a boat, or learn to swim.

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

No room to breathe

Feline euthanasia Sept-October 2011: 337

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Room to breathe

Feline euthanasia Sept-October 2012: 31

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 23

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

No room to breathe

67

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

68

What happens to cats, matters for dogs too

Room to breathe

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

69

Hmm…What will staff do with all that breathing room?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 24

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

70

How can I help

you solve this

problem?

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Saying yes while saying no

Scan for microchip
Lost and found listing
Flyers to pick

up/download

Resources for

keeping/rehoming

– Spay/neuter/vax referrals – Promotional materials – Listing service

Scheduled intake for

“adoptable” cat

71

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Re-drawing the map

72

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 25

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 2010 2011 2012

Live intake

Re-drawing the map

1,932 fewer cats admitted!

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

1,932 fewer intakes = ?

74

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

About that river…

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 26

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 2010 2011 2012

Live intake Euthanasia

Redirecting resources

3,213 fewer cats euthanized!

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Expanding the options for live release

Feral cats are being captured, neutered or spayed, microchipped then released back to the streets under a new program called Feral Freedom, adopted by the City of San Jose.

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Results

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 27

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

More results

79

DOA pickups down 17%

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

80

289 fewer dead cats to pick up, 810 fewer cats to euthanize for severe URI, 2,883 fewer cats to admit and hold, and 5,303 fewer cats to euthanize overall every year = ???

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

Not all or nothing

Start small if you want Allow exceptions Use savings to build safety net & expand live release

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 28

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

After the cataclysm, out of the mounds of heaped-up earth, the piles and wrecks of half-buried cities, the desolated fields of grain, and the tortured orchards, the cat will stalk, confident, self-reliant, capable, imperturbable, and philosophical.

The Tiger in the House, Carl Van Vechten

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

SLIDE 29

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Tipping Point 2013: Radically rethinking our response to cats

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

How did I get here?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Which of these things is not like the others?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Which of these things is not like the others?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

The Cat Continuum

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Pet cats

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

“Community” cats

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Some common assumptions on which sheltering programs are based

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Some good news

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

But…

…and it’s a BIG but…

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Ohio 1996-2004

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Colorado 2000-2007

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

California 2000-2010

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

The Cat Who Loved Kittens

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Graphic picture ahead

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

In California alone: 2,510,741 cats in 10 years 276,052 in one year 756 per day What is the cost?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Why?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

What are the goals of a shelter?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

How does admitting healthy cats to shelters, in excess of the number released alive, serve these goals?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Abide by relevant laws?

impound?

sick and aggressive?

surrendered?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

animals

What are the goals of a shelter?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Resolve complaints?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

animals

What are the goals of a shelter?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Reunite cats with owners?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

animals

What are the goals of a shelter?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

Maintain health and welfare?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Maintain health and welfare?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Making the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Community Cat Management June 27, 2013

animals

What are the goals of a shelter?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Find new homes?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________

_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________