Three Acts of the Mind Mental Act: Verbal Expression: Simple - - PDF document

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Three Acts of the Mind

• Simple Apprehension
• Judgment
• Deductive Inference
• Term
• Proposition
• Syllogism

Mental Act: Verbal Expression:

Slide 6-1

Contradictory and Contrary Statements

The first two relationships of opposition The Rule of Contradiction The First Law of Opposition The Rule of Contraries The Second Law of Opposition

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Two relationships categorical statements can have to one another Opposition Equivalence

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The First Two Relationships

• f Opposition

Contradiction Contrariety

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What is Opposition

Opposing propositions affirm and deny the same predicate

• f the same subject.

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Four Kinds of Opposition

Contradictory Contrary Subcontrary Subaltern

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Rule of Contradiction

Contradictory statements are statements that differ in both quality and quantity.

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Quantity and Quality of Quantity and Quality of the Four Categorical the Four Categorical Statements Statements

Quality Affirmative Negative Universal A E Quantity Particular I O

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Contradictories cannot at the same time be true nor at the same time false.

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The First Law

• f Opposition

Contradictory Statements

A: All men are mortal O: Some men are not mortal

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Contradictory Statements

E: No men are gods I: Some men are gods

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The Rule of Contraries

Two statements are contrary to one another if they are both universals but differ in quality.

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Contrary Statements

All men are mortal No men are mortal

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The Second Law of Opposition

Contraries cannot at the same time both be true, but can, at the same time, be false.

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Contradictory and Contrary Statements

The first two relationships of opposition The Rule of Contradiction The First Law of Opposition The Rule of Contraries The Second Law of Opposition

Slide 6-2