The Shaping of Form and Structure in Informal Settlements: A Case - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Shaping of Form and Structure in Informal Settlements: A Case Study of Order and Rules in Lebak Siliwangi, Bandung, Indonesia

Planocosmo ITB Bandung 4 April, 2018 Presented by Associate Professor Paul Jones Program Director Urban and Regional Planning Program Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning The University of Sydney

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Structure

• 1. Understanding concepts of order, rules and control
• 2. Case Study - Lebak Siliwangi, Bandung
• Understanding of form and morphology through processes of

adaptation/transformation

• 3 basic rules/principles determining form, structure and morphology –

central to the local order

• The use of typologies to understand diversity/complexity
• 3. The Challenges in Planning and

Designing for City Complexity

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New Urban Agenda, SDG 11 and Inclusive Urbanism

“leave no one behind”

• Over half the worlds slums are in Asia
• Growing urban inequities
• Many stakeholders – but not all equal in process

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Informality and Informal Settlements

Cambodia “Asia and the Pacific is also home to the world’s largest urban slum populations and the largest concentrations of people living below the poverty line”. State of Asian and Pacific Cities 2015, UNESCAP, October, 2015.

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Order and Planning: Kostoff, 1991: The City Shaped

“The fact is no city, however arbitrary its form may appear to us, can be said to be unplanned. Behind the strangest twist of lane or alley, behind the most fitfully bounded public space, lies an order…” London, 1572 - 14 Proclamations issued between 1602-1630 to control unplanned growth (suburbs mainly outside the walls)

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Order in the Modern Planning Era came as a consequence of the Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

Gustav Dores illustrations, London, 1880’s Speed of ‘city’ change - adverse impacts on housing, health, water, sanitation, drainage, etc; new issues = advent of new ‘orders’

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Order and Control Embedded in Masterplans and Visions and their Rules, Policies

Ebenezer Howards ‘Garden City’ masterplan

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Modern planning in 1800’s: A Preoccupation with Urban Form and Structure especially space, regulations and landscape to improve the human condition

Plans to make London into hexagonal’s of 2 mile square mid 1800’s

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Le Corbusier: ‘The City as a Well Oiled Machine’

"A house is a machine for living in" and "a curved street is a donkey track, a straight street, a road for men": architecture must be machine like and functional Le Corbusier Radiant City Order strongly aligned with principles of Modernism

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Christopher Alexander (1965) ‘The City is Not a Tree’ Critique of planning and city building

“building ourselves into a Tree structure forces unnatural separation of normally intertwined aspects of life” Alexander challenged the panning and design process and planners, designers and architects, etc

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Christopher Alexander (2002): ‘The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe’

Comprehensive work challenging the way we think about cities, architecture and design Alexander reaffirms the need to understand the multiplicity and connections

• f parts and activities in the urban fabric

** Notions of disorder evolve from lack of understanding the ‘evolutionary

• rganizing and explicit paths of change

that shape one configuration to another’

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Modern order implies hierarchical control, geometric uniformity, aesthetic ‘beauty’, repetition of consistent physical elements and ‘accepted’ patterns Impacts on spatial dynamics, functional roles, and quality of life

New physical

• rders

Is there ‘confusion’ between physical order and better social outcomes? OR social disorder seen as being solved by ‘new’ physical regimes and

• utcomes ?

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Modern Form aligns with Geometric order – arrangement and layout of objects in relation to each other set down in rules, sequence/methods of organization ‘precise forms’, regular

Kensington, Sydney Kingsford, Sydney

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Informal Settlements: Order termed organic, bottom up, self organizing, dysfunctional, chaotic, ‘lack of discipline’ - residents and form seen as ‘problem to be fixed’ with different orders

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BUT Order in Informal Settlements is Mixed: ‘Formal’, ‘Informal’, hybrid, complementary, co-evolution (Silva and Farrell, Suhartini)

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Order in Informal Settlements: ‘Self made’ and local nuanced order with its own logic. ‘In place’ not ‘out of place’ and ’ordered’ not ‘dis-ordered’. Less obvious order - messy,

blurred, eclectic mix of designs, materiality and geometry (Jones, 2017)

Dutch colonialism and colonial plans Bandung - called the “Paris of Java”

Case study: some insights from Lebak Siliwangi, Tamansari, Bandung, Indonesia

Focus on Kampungs (villages) in North Bandung

Bandung - vision to be a ‘Modern Western’ Global City

Inner city kampungs ripe for redevelopment by private developers and Government

Many kampungs have strong local and community governance, but land tenure and “titles’ messy and unclear

Kampung Lebak Siliwangi

New development forms, different lifestyles, different rules, different orders ….

The Meaning of Form and Structure?

• Form implies shape (Thompson, 1961)
• A way to understand cities focusing on built form,

space, geometry, processes and patterns (Batty and

Longley, 1994)

• Form = shape, configuration, structure, patterns, etc

(Whyte, 1968)

• “the outward appearance of things“ (Arnheim, 1968)
• Structure = spatial arrangements of elements and

their form, geometry, function, etc which comprise the city and its patterns of urbanism

Main morphological units that make up kampung form and structure

Irregular grid? Non linear? (at scale) Key elements?

• House plots
• Blocks
• Alleyways
• Streets
• Roads
• Open space
• Irrigation

channels

• Mosques

Diverse mix of block patterns - Spatial logic related to fragmentation of rice paddies (function change), land ownership and plot intensification

Source: SU Joint Studio Group 2, 2017

Rule 1: Settlement structure is situated within a legacy of past major development decisions

Lebak in Evolution - Structure adaptation of terraced rice paddies and topography

1920 - 1930’s 1940’s - 1950’s

Earlier Masterplan decisions on function, form, infrastructure, topography, now overlaid with “bottom up” urbanism

1960’s - 1990’s 1990’s - 2017

Dan Sharp et al 2016 URP students,

Rooftop Architecture + Morphology

Lebak Siliwangi population 2014 - 4,950 persons

Lebak Siliwangi - Aerial View

Urban Fabric- Lebak Siliwangi

Terrace walls follow topography:

Influences function and form

Kampung Lebak Siliwangi - fine grained, street based urbanism

Source: ITB Students and Group 2 Students ITB – SU Joint Studio, February, 2017

Form follows topography

Resilience at many levels - multi-functionality and adaptation

Strong social fabric - street and home based livelihood dependence - resilient

Rule 2: Contestation of public private space (the alleyway and housing edge) determines interface form types and alleyway alignment, geometry and function

Transport technology, social behaviour and form adapts and vice versa

Form adaptation in ‘public spaces’ to function and topography

Understanding the process of space contestation in alleyways and how the alleyway is made and shaped is about housing intensification

The alleyway is continually being shaped and aligned through small-scale physical form at the individual plot level = alleyway sum of geometric forms at house frontage

Network of alleyways: types of space? public, communal, semi- private space

Jalan (road or street)

Named Gang (main alleyway)

Unnamed Gang

+ Dead-end / Void / Live end

Human scale elements/units ‘bolt together’ to comprise the alleyway and housing interface and are expressed in multiple forms of adaptation

• the pavement
• house wall – fence
• house frontage (no

wall - no setback)

• street furniture

(fixed and movable)

• textures, materials
• stairs, overhangs

What is the Interface?

• “Connective interfaces, such as boundaries, physical connections,

transition regions and geometrical edges that harbour fundamental human activities, are essential to creating urban coherence” (Alexander in Salingaros, 2010).

• In kampungs, the interfaces are human scale making the built form

complex and diverse

• It is argued that interface typology analysis helps reveal:

– Evolution of the built form from housing set-back/forward/over – Forms and functions of both the alleyway and the house (including economic drivers, boundary markers alignment etc). – The level of permeability and visibility – ‘Inside – outside’ – Interface elements form patterns, which repeat themselves – Local processes of housing adaptation and transformation – adding on or full site renewal.

Criteria by which to analyse interfaces and their complexity (and implied order)

• Form (arrangement, shape)
• Materiality
• Scale (large and small)
• Functionality and use
• Edges and boundaries

My research focus has been on (i) understanding alleyways and public- private interfaces through form (ii) finding meaning through form and identifying the underlying social and economic processes

INTERFACE FORM TYPES

UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SCALE HOUSING AND ALLEYWAY ADAPTATION AND TRANSFORMATION IN LEBAK SILIWANGI

• Blank walls were used

functionally – bike stands

• Decorative function
• Textural elements
• Glass bricks
• Uniform height

BLANK WALLS

01

• On wider alleyways

setbacks are more prominent

• Very little setbacks near

bends and corners

• Large buildings more

likely to have setbacks

• Mixed use dwellings

likely to have setbacks

• Fence or no fence -

level of permeability

HOUSING WITH SETBACK

02

HOUSING WITH NO SETBACK - ALIGNED

• Clustered in denser

areas

• First story addition often

set forward

• Primarily residential
• “Built to the “fluid”

boundary - the building line

03

04

• High traffic

pedestrian alleyways, set forwards repeated and often associated with retail

• pportunity
• In main alleyways.

width of motor bike sets alleyway width HOUSING SET FORWARD INTO ALLEY

05

• Overhangs
• Set across the other

side of the alleyway

• n vacant space
• Joining two separate

dwellings HOUSING SET ABOVE AND SET OVER

Analysis reveals 4 basic interface types that define (i) form resilience/transformation of housing and alleyway, (ii) the irregular, meandering alleyways (iii) form/function patterns

4 Primary Interface Types (and multiple adaptations)

Mapping form in Gang”stone” alley

Interface Form Types and Adaptation in Gangstone Alley

(98 plots - river side of alleyway has greatest number of primary forms)

Jones and Suhartini, 2017

Rule 3: Change in housing form and types is by small scale adaptations and renewal

Typologies of Housing Adaptation and Renewal

• Lebak Siliwangi

Example: The Negotiation of Form and Space in Lebak Siliwangi

The Nature of the Geometry Producing the Irregular Form, Shape, Structure?

Non regular squares, rectangles, ‘rough lines’, etc

What does it tell us about Form and Order, Rules and Notions of Space?

• Form - individual and community driven and controlled
• Notions of setback, aligned and set forward are not ‘physically fixed’ – reflect an
• ngoing process of encroachment and adaptation
• Space is semi public, semi private, communal = land tenure messy thru time
• Notions of ‘public interest’ are not homogenous - yet ‘humanitarian’ respect exist

What does it tell us about Order, Rules and the “City as it is”

• Nuanced local order expressed in complexity and diversity of form underpinned by clear

processes, community governance and institutional setting (such as land tenure)

• Complexity of the order is express in the unique properties of the morphological units –

geometry, their irregular arrangement and configuration, and shape

• In Lebak, order and rules are a product of a multitude of local decisions AND local rules

within an overarching controlling PHYSICAL and Social order

And how does this ‘Bottom Up‘ Order, Rules and Notions of Space relate to these ‘formal’ Order solutions?

The making and shaping of the city by multiple and competing ORDER