THE ROLE OF STATISTICS TO INFORM EFFECTIVE POLICIES FOR ERADICATION - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

THE ROLE OF STATISTICS TO INFORM EFFECTIVE POLICIES FOR ERADICATION OF CHILD POVERTY IN A PERIOD OF TRANSFORMATION

National Statistics Conference, 7 November 2012 Roumiana Gantcheva rgantcheva@unicef.org

Concepts of poverty

• Child poverty differs from adult poverty
• Limitations of the monetary measures of poverty
• Child poverty as multi-dimensional deprivation –

2005

• Global Child Poverty Study 2007-2008
• Child poverty in developed countries

Holistic understanding of child poverty to inform effective policies

• Looking beyond the national averages – studying

disparities and identifying inequities in order to reach the most deprived families

• Study of the causes of poverty – to identify where do

bottlenecks or gaps exist, and address them effectively

• Effective policies for eradication of poverty
• built on robust statistical evidence and analysis of Who are

the poor? and Why are they poor?

• focus on reducing existing bottlenecks and

closing the gaps between the worst-off and the best-off

Child-related statistics in Malaysia

Child poverty differs from adult poverty and needs to be studied separately

Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010. Derived from Household Income Survey, 1989 and 2007. Notes: Children under 15 years of age. Includes non-citizens

1989 2007 29.3 9.4 19.9 4.0 Percent children Children living in poverty Overall poverty rate

Overall and child poverty rates, 1989 and 2007 (Percent)

Looking beyond national average can reveal if significant disparities exist

Other Bumiputera Others Malay Indian Chinese 52.0 50.7 33.1 23.5 9.0 25.6 33.3 6.8 6.5 1.0 Percent children 2007 1989

Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010. Derived from Household Income Survey, 1989 and 2007. Notes: Refers to children under 15 years of age. Others include non-citizens 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 31% 15% 12% 12% 9% 9% 7% 6% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 2% Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010. Derived from Household Income Survey 2007. Note: Refers to children under 15 years of age in 2007. Includes non-citizens

2007

Children living in poverty (Percent of <15 years of age)

Data on income distribution allows for further insight of income inequality

Source: www.epu.gov.my/household-income-poverty. Household Income Survey (HIS), Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2011). Note: Mean monthly gross income

10 20 30 40 50 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Bottom 40% Middle 40% Top 20% Share in total income, Percent Mean monthly income, Ringgit Mean monthly income R, left axis Income share %, right axis

Monthly income and income share of bottom, middle and top income groups, 2009

Data on social protection of children is available but insufficient

2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average per child aid, Ringgit Children, Number

• No. of children (left axis)

Average per child aid in 2005 prices (right axis) Sources: Number of children and total amount: 2005: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010): Social Statistics Bulletin Malaysia 2010. 2006-2010: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Social Statistical Bulletin Malaysia 2011. 2011: Department of Social Welfare: Annual Report 2011; available

• n www.jkm.gov.my. Consumer Price Index (CPI) 2005-2010:

Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Statistics Yearbook Malaysia 2010. 2011: Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Malaysia: February 2012. Note: Average per child aid in 2005 prices – UNICEF’s estimate based on total expenditure, number of children and CPI.

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Average annual per child, Ringgit Children, Number Number of children (left axis) Average per child aid (right axis)

Malaysia: Total receiving child aid = 98,848; Average annual amount of aid = 3,194 Ringgit

Source: Department of Social Welfare: Annual Report 2011; available on www.jkm.gov.my Note: Average amount in current prices.

Children receiving child aid and average annual amount of aid

2011

Child mortality estimates serve consolidation of the impact of deprivation in different poverty dimensions

Sources: 1990: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010; 2005-2007: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2008): Vital Statistics Malaysia 2007; 2008: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010): Vital Statistics Malaysia 2009; 2009-2010: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Vital Statistics Malaysia 2010. Notes: IMR refers to infant deaths per 1,000 live births; U5MR refers to under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births. IMR for 2010 is preliminary estimate Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Vital Statistics Malaysia 2010 Notes: IMR refers to infant deaths per 1,000 live births; U5MR refers to under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births. States are ranked by

• IMR. Selangor includes Putrajaya. Data for Sabah should be

considered with caution.

13.1 6.6 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.9 6.8 16.8 8.5 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1990 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Deaths per 1,000 live births IMR U5MR Sabah W.P. Kuala Lumpur Selangor Pulau Pinang Johor Malaysia Sarawak Perak Perlis Kedah Terengganu Pahang Negeri Sembilan Melaka W.P. Labuan Kelantan 4.6 6.5 7.0 7.6 8.1 8.5 8.8 10.4 9.5 9.4 10.6 11.8 10.1 10.7 12.1 12.2 3.9 5.3 5.9 6.4 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.6 7.7 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.5 Deaths per 1,000 live births IMR U5MR

IMR and U5MR

2009

Knowledge of the immediate causes of child deaths can inform focused improvement of child-health care

Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010

16.9 12.6 3.6 8.4 31.6 26.9

Under 1-year old

Infection Respiratory Injuries Central nervous system Congenital Other 17.1 8.5 18.3 13.4 9.8 32.9

4-year old

Infection Respiratory Injuries Central nervous system Congenital Other

Top five causes of child mortality in Gvt hospitals, 2006 (Percent)

Information on exclusive breastfeeding and immunisation – two critical causes explaining health deprivation – is essential

Source: Institute for Public Health, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia 2008: The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006 Source: Ministry of Health Malaysia: Health Informatics Centre Planning and Development Divisions: Health Facts 2009, 2010. Note: B.C.G. Immunisation Coverage of Infants; DPT-HIB (Diphtheria, Pertusis & Tetanus - Haemophilus Influenzae Type B) Immunisation Coverage of Infants (3rd Dose); Polio Immunisation Coverage of Infants (3rd Dose); MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella) Immunisation Coverage of Children Aged 1 to <2 years; Hepatitis B Immunisation Coverage of Infants (3rd Dose - Completed Dose). 80 85 90 95 100 BCG DPT Polio MMR HEB 98.30 97.44 98.39 96.88 85.37 92.26 94.28 94.13 96.10 82.57 Percent 2009 2010

Immunisation Breastfeeding status of children < 6 months, 2006 (%)

10 20 30 40 50 10.8 17.2 45.6 26.4 22.0 16.2 49.4 12.4 % children < 6 months Urban Rural

Data on human and financial investments is critical to help address health deprivation

Sources: Doctors: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Social Statistical Bulletin Malaysia 2011. Population: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Population and Housing Census of Malaysia: Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010. Note: Doctors in public and private practices as of 31 December 2010. Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Social Statistical Bulletin 2011 Notes: Expenditure is in current prices. Data for 2010 is estimate.

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 W.P. Putrajaya W.P. Kuala Lumpur Pulau Pinang Melaka Negeri Sembilan Perlis Perak Malaysia Selangor Pahang Kedah Terengganu Johor Kelantan Sarawak Sabah W.P. Labuan 286 357 692 722 727 804 850 859 921 1093 1108 1183 1226 1426 1491 1855 2021 Number of persons per one doctor

6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 2007 2008 2009 2010 Percent of Gvt expenditure Million Ringgit Total expenditure, left axis Percentage of total Gvt expenditure, right axis

Persons served by one doctor, 2010 Government expenditures on health

Data on education deprivation - important dimension affecting child development – is useful to address the bottlenecks

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2009): Basic Amenities Survey Report 2007 Note: Refers to Malaysian citizens. States are ranked by the value for poor households. Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2009): Basic Amenities Survey Report 2007

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Sarawak Negeri Sembilan Pahang Kelantan Melaka Sabah Malaysia Selangor Johor W.P. Kuala Lumpur Perlis Pulau Pinang Kedah Perak Terengganu 4.6 1.2 2.3 6.1 1.2 6.0 2.7 0.7 1.5 0.4 2.4 0.8 2.8 1.1 3.6 25.2 21.1 20.7 19.3 16.7 14.9 13.5 10.6 10.2 9.7 8.3 6.4 6.3 4.9 4.7 Percent Poor Hh members All Hh members

Children 7-18 years not in school, 2007 (Percent) Reasons for not schooling, children 7-18 years, 2007 (Percent)

Knowledge of birth registration rates is fundamental for designing of programmes for equitable development

Sources: Registered births: http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20110321-269221.html (based

• n

report from National Registration Department, Malaysia); Live births: 2006-2007: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2007): Vital Statistics 2007; 2008-2009: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2009): Vital Statistics 2009; 2010: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Vital Statistics 2010. Note: Preliminary data for 2010 live births.

420,000 430,000 440,000 450,000 460,000 470,000 480,000 490,000 500,000 510,000 520,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 472,983 487,722 496,414 516,645 510,462 465,112 456,443 487,346 481,669 475,816 Number of births Registered births Live births

Live births and registered births

What information we do not find readily available?

• Shelter/crowding
• Access to safe water and improved sanitation
• Access to information
• Emotional and spiritual aspect of poverty

(children’s sense of exclusion, communication with parents, interaction with peers, etc.)

• Children living outside family environment –

all aspects of poverty

Suggestions to strengthen statistics to better serve design and implementation

• f child poverty-eradication policies
• Methodological notes – to explain data
• Synchronize classifications used in different publications for

better comparison, e.g. ethnic groups (“Others”)

• Further processing of existing data – disaggregation by

income groups (quintiles), ethnic groups, sex, geographic area, etc.

• Data analysis, interpretation and presentation
• Consistency between sources
• Frequency of data collection
• Making information publicly available
• Inclusion of child modules in planned surveys
• Child-focused surveys
• Consolidated database w/ child related information

Thank you!