THE ROLE OF STATISTICS TO INFORM EFFECTIVE POLICIES FOR ERADICATION - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

THE ROLE OF STATISTICS TO INFORM EFFECTIVE POLICIES FOR ERADICATION OF CHILD POVERTY IN A PERIOD OF TRANSFORMATION National Statistics Conference, 7 November 2012 Roumiana Gantcheva rgantcheva@unicef.org

Concepts of poverty • Child poverty differs from adult poverty • Limitations of the monetary measures of poverty • Child poverty as multi-dimensional deprivation – 2005 • Global Child Poverty Study 2007-2008 • Child poverty in developed countries

Holistic understanding of child poverty to inform effective policies • Looking beyond the national averages – studying disparities and identifying inequities in order to reach the most deprived families • Study of the causes of poverty – to identify where do bottlenecks or gaps exist, and address them effectively • Effective policies for eradication of poverty • built on robust statistical evidence and analysis of Who are the poor? and Why are they poor? • focus on reducing existing bottlenecks and closing the gaps between the worst-off and the best-off

Child-related statistics in Malaysia

Child poverty differs from adult poverty and needs to be studied separately Overall and child poverty rates, 1989 and 2007 (Percent) 29.3 Percent children 19.9 Children living in poverty Overall poverty rate 9.4 4.0 1989 2007 Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010. Derived from Household Income Survey, 1989 and 2007. Notes: Children under 15 years of age. Includes non-citizens

Looking beyond national average can reveal if significant disparities exist Children living in poverty (Percent of <15 years of age) 35% 31% 2007 1989 1.0 30% Chinese 2007 9.0 25% 6.5 Indian 20% 23.5 15% 12% 12% 15% 6.8 Malay 9% 33.1 9% 10% 7% 6% 5% 4% 33.3 4% 4% 4% 5% 2% Others 50.7 0% 25.6 Other Bumiputera 52.0 Percent children Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010. Derived from Household Income Survey 2007. Millennium Development Goals at 2010. Derived from Household Income Survey, 1989 and 2007. Note: Refers to children under 15 years of age in 2007 . Includes non-citizens Notes: Refers to children under 15 years of age. Others include non-citizens

Data on income distribution allows for further insight of income inequality Monthly income and income share of bottom, middle and top income groups, 2009 10000 50 Mean monthly income, Ringgit Share in total income, Percent 8000 40 6000 30 4000 20 2000 10 0 0 Bottom 40% Middle 40% Top 20% Mean monthly income R, left axis Income share %, right axis Source: www.epu.gov.my/household-income-poverty. Household Income Survey (HIS), Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2011). Note: Mean monthly gross income

Data on social protection of children is available but insufficient Children receiving child aid and average annual amount of aid 120000 2800 Number of children (left axis) Average per child aid (right axis) Average per child aid, Ringgit 14000 4500 100000 2700 4000 Average annual per child, Ringgit 12000 Children, Number 3500 80000 2600 10000 Children, Number 3000 8000 2500 60000 2500 2000 6000 1500 40000 2400 4000 1000 2000 20000 2300 500 0 0 0 2200 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 No. of children (left axis) 2011 Malaysia: Average per child aid in 2005 prices (right axis) Total receiving child aid = 98,848; Average annual amount of aid = 3,194 Ringgit Sources: Number of children and total amount: 2005: Source: Department of Social Welfare: Annual Report Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010): Social Statistics 2011; available on www.jkm.gov.my Bulletin Malaysia 2010. 2006-2010: Department of Statistics Note: Average amount in current prices. Malaysia (2011): Social Statistical Bulletin Malaysia 2011. 2011: Department of Social Welfare: Annual Report 2011; available on www.jkm.gov.my. Consumer Price Index (CPI) 2005-2010: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Statistics Yearbook Malaysia 2010. 2011: Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Malaysia: February 2012. Note: Average per child aid in 2005 prices – UNICEF’s estimate based on total expenditure, number of children and CPI.

Child mortality estimates serve consolidation of the impact of deprivation in different poverty dimensions 9.5 Kelantan 12.2 9.1 IMR and U5MR W.P. Labuan 12.1 9.0 Melaka 10.7 8.9 18 Negeri Sembilan 10.1 16.8 8.8 16 Pahang Deaths per 1,000 live births 11.8 14 8.7 13.1 Terengganu 10.6 12 7.7 8.5 Kedah 10 8.5 9.4 7.9 7.9 8.0 7.6 8 Perlis 9.5 6 7.2 Perak 6.9 6.8 10.4 6.6 6.2 6.2 6.2 4 IMR 7.1 Sarawak 8.8 2 U5MR 6.9 Malaysia 0 8.5 2009 1990 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 6.8 Johor 8.1 IMR U5MR 6.4 Pulau Pinang 7.6 5.9 Selangor 7.0 Sources: 1990: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & 5.3 W.P. Kuala Lumpur Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department 6.5 Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development 3.9 Sabah 4.6 Goals at 2010; 2005-2007: Department of Statistics Malaysia Deaths per 1,000 live births (2008): Vital Statistics Malaysia 2007; 2008: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010): Vital Statistics Malaysia 2009; 2009-2010: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Vital Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Vital Statistics Statistics Malaysia 2010. Malaysia 2010 Notes: IMR refers to infant deaths per 1,000 live births; Notes: IMR refers to infant deaths per 1,000 live births; U5MR U5MR refers to under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births. IMR for refers to under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births . States are ranked by 2010 is preliminary estimate IMR. Selangor includes Putrajaya. Data for Sabah should be considered with caution.

Knowledge of the immediate causes of child deaths can inform focused improvement of child-health care Top five causes of child mortality in Gvt hospitals, 2006 (Percent) Under 1-year old 4-year old Infection Infection 16.9 17.1 26.9 32.9 Respiratory Respiratory 8.5 12.6 Injuries Injuries 3.6 18.3 Central nervous system Central nervous system 8.4 9.8 31.6 13.4 Congenital Congenital Other Other Source: United Nations Country Team Malaysia & Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia (2011): Malaysia: The Millennium Development Goals at 2010

Information on exclusive breastfeeding and immunisation – two critical causes explaining health deprivation – is essential Immunisation Breastfeeding status of children 100 < 6 months, 2006 (%) 2009 98.30 98.39 2010 97.44 96.88 95 % children < 6 months 50 49.4 Percent 45.6 40 90 30 26.4 20 22.0 17.2 16.2 85 10.8 12.4 85.37 10 94.28 92.26 96.10 94.13 82.57 0 80 BCG DPT Polio MMR HEB Urban Source: Ministry of Health Malaysia: Health Informatics Rural Centre Planning and Development Divisions: Health Facts 2009, 2010. Note: B.C.G. Immunisation Coverage of Infants; DPT-HIB (Diphtheria, Pertusis & Tetanus - Haemophilus Influenzae Type B) Immunisation Coverage of Infants (3rd Dose); Source: Institute for Public Health, National Institute of Polio Immunisation Coverage of Infants (3rd Dose); MMR Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia 2008: The Third (Mumps, Measles, Rubella) Immunisation Coverage of National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006 Children Aged 1 to <2 years; Hepatitis B Immunisation Coverage of Infants (3rd Dose - Completed Dose).

Data on human and financial investments is critical to help address health deprivation Persons served by one doctor, 2010 Government expenditures on 2021 W.P. Labuan health 1855 Sabah 1491 Sarawak 1426 Kelantan 18000 7.8 1226 Johor 16000 1183 Terengganu 7.6 Percent of Gvt expenditure 1108 Kedah 14000 7.4 1093 Pahang Million Ringgit 12000 7.2 921 Selangor 10000 859 Malaysia 7 8000 850 Perak 6.8 6000 804 Perlis 6.6 727 Negeri Sembilan 4000 722 Melaka 6.4 2000 692 Pulau Pinang 0 6.2 357 W.P. Kuala Lumpur 2007 2008 2009 2010 286 W.P. Putrajaya Total expenditure, left axis 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Number of persons per one doctor Percentage of total Gvt expenditure, right axis Sources: Doctors: Department of Statistics Malaysia Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Social Statistical Bulletin Malaysia 2011. (2011): Social Statistical Bulletin 2011 Population: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011): Notes: Expenditure is in current prices. Data for Population and Housing Census of Malaysia: 2010 is estimate. Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010. Note: Doctors in public and private practices as of 31 December 2010.