The regional foundations on which the world’s first industrial nation was built Sebastian Keibek & Leigh Shaw-Taylor Amsterdam, Workshop Economic Geography of Long-Run Industrialization 22 & 23 March 2018
Contents ● An early start ● A (very) brief overview of our data sources ● The national context for examining regional developments ● Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution ● The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography ● Regional concentration and its drivers
Industry employed nearly half the labour force by the early eighteenth century - a peak never again achieved The occupational structure of England and Wales – both sexes (% of the labour force) 90% 80% Agriculture Services 70% 60% Industry 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Mining 0% 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain project
The moment agriculture dived below 40 per cent of the labour force England and Wales Germany China & US Belgium Japan France 1700 1800 1900 2000 1720 1740 1760 1780 1820 1840 1860 1880 1920 1940 1960 1980 2020 Netherlands Spain Italy Source : author’s analyses (E&W); Cheng Yang (China); Leigh Shaw-Taylor and other contributors to INCHOS (other countries)
Contents ● An early start ● A (very) brief overview of our data sources ● The national context for examining regional developments ● Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution ● The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography ● Regional concentration and its drivers
Data sources underpinning the analyses for this presentation 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 National censuses Parish registers
First source of pre-census (male) occupational information: Anglican parish registers Example of a baptism register after Rose’s Act of 1812 Year Location Occupation
However, insufficient and non-random coverage before 1813 1600 1700 1800 1850 1620 1640 1660 1680 1720 1740 1760 1780 1820 1840 100% 11% 3% 4%
Data sources underpinning the analyses for this presentation 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 National censuses Parish registers Probate documents
First source of pre-census (male) occupational information: (indexes to) probate documents Example of a probate inventory Occupation Location Year
National and gender coverage over time 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 1600-1841 1841/51-2011 Focus in this presentation on the longue durée and, therefore, on male occupations in England and Wales.
Contents ● An early start ● A (very) brief overview of our data sources ● The national context for examining regional developments ● Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution ● The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography ● Regional concentration and its drivers
It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones Quiet Structural Industrial Industrial Fluctuating before the Collapse change Revolution Maturation fortunes The male occupational structure of England and Wales storm? (% of the labour force) 90% 1601 to 1701 1701 to 1761 to 1817 to 1901 1901 to Post 80% 1761 1817 1971 1971 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales (difference between %-share at end and beginning of period) 1701-1761 1601-1701 14% 4% 3% 1% 1% 1% -5% -18% Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales (difference between %-share at end and beginning of period) 1701-1761 1761-1817 1601-1701 14% 4% 3% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% -2% -5% -18% Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales (difference between %-share at end and beginning of period) 1701-1761 1761-1817 1817-1901 20% 4% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% -2% -5% -26% Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales (difference between %-share at end and beginning of period) 1761-1817 1817-1901 1901-1971 20% 9% 4% 2% 2% 2% 1% 0% -2% -3% -9% -26% Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales (difference between %-share at end and beginning of period) 1817-1901 1901-1971 1971-2011 28% 20% 9% 4% 2% 2% -2% -2% -3% -9% -23% -26% Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales (difference between %-share at end and beginning of period) 1901-1971 1971-2011 28% 9% 2% -2% -2% -3% -9% -23% Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
Contents ● An early start ● A (very) brief overview of our data sources ● The national context for examining regional developments ● Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution ● The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography ● Regional concentration and its drivers
National developments not representative of regional ones Secondary sector share of the male labour force (% of total) 80% Bedfordshire 70% 60% 50% 40% E&W 30% 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
National developments not representative of regional ones Secondary sector share of the male labour force (% of total) 80% Derbyshire 70% 60% 50% 40% E&W 30% 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
National developments not representative of regional ones Secondary sector share of the male labour force (% of total) 80% Berkshire 70% 60% 50% 40% E&W 30% 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
National developments not representative of regional ones Secondary sector share of the male labour force (% of total) 80% Warwickshire 70% 60% 50% 40% E&W 30% 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
National developments not representative of regional ones Secondary sector share of the male labour force (% of total) 80% Lancashire 70% `` 60% 50% 40% 30% E&W 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
National developments not representative of regional ones Secondary sector share of the male labour force (% of total) 80% Hertforshire 70% 60% 50% 40% E&W 30% 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
National developments not representative of regional ones Secondary sector share of the male labour force (% of total) 80% Norfolk 70% 60% 50% 40% E&W 30% 20% 10% 0% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source : Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice
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