The regional foundations on which the worlds first industrial nation - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The regional foundations on which the world’s first industrial nation was built

Sebastian Keibek & Leigh Shaw-Taylor Amsterdam, Workshop Economic Geography of Long-Run Industrialization 22 & 23 March 2018

Contents

• An early start
• A (very) brief overview of our data sources
• The national context for examining regional developments
• Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution
• The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography
• Regional concentration and its drivers

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Industry employed nearly half the labour force by the early eighteenth century - a peak never again achieved

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain project

The occupational structure of England and Wales – both sexes

(% of the labour force) Agriculture Industry Services Mining

The moment agriculture dived below 40 per cent of the labour force

1700 1800

1720 1740 1760 1780

1900 2000

1820 1840 1860 1880 1920 1940 1960 1980 2020

England and Wales Belgium France Germany & US Japan China Spain Italy Netherlands

Source: author’s analyses (E&W); Cheng Yang (China); Leigh Shaw-Taylor and other contributors to INCHOS (other countries)

Contents

• An early start
• A (very) brief overview of our data sources
• The national context for examining regional developments
• Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution
• The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography
• Regional concentration and its drivers

Data sources underpinning the analyses for this presentation

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20

National censuses Parish registers

First source of pre-census (male) occupational information: Anglican parish registers

Example of a baptism register after Rose’s Act of 1812

Year Occupation Location

100% However, insufficient and non-random coverage before 1813

1600 1700 1800 1850

1620 1640 1660 1680 1720 1740 1760 1780 1820 1840

11% 3% 4%

Data sources underpinning the analyses for this presentation

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20

National censuses Parish registers Probate documents

First source of pre-census (male) occupational information: (indexes to) probate documents

Example of a probate inventory

Location Occupation Year

National and gender coverage over time

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20 ‘40 ‘60 ‘80 ‘20

1841/51-2011 1600-1841 Focus in this presentation on the longue durée and, therefore, on male

• ccupations in

England and Wales.

Contents

• An early start
• A (very) brief overview of our data sources
• The national context for examining regional developments
• Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution
• The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography
• Regional concentration and its drivers

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones

1601 to 1701 1701 to 1761 1761 to 1817 1817 to 1901 1901 to 1971 Post 1971

The male occupational structure of England and Wales

(% of the labour force)

Structural change Quiet before the storm? Industrial Revolution Industrial Maturation Fluctuating fortunes Collapse

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones

Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales

(difference between %-share at end and beginning of period)

• 18%

1% 14% 4%

1601-1701

• 5%

1% 1% 3%

1701-1761

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones

• 18%

1% 14% 4%

1601-1701

• 5%

1% 1% 3%

1701-1761

• 2%

1% 0% 2%

1761-1817

Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales

(difference between %-share at end and beginning of period)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones

• 5%

1% 1% 3%

1701-1761

• 2%

1% 0% 2%

1761-1817

• 26%

2% 4% 20%

1817-1901

Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales

(difference between %-share at end and beginning of period)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones

• 2%

1% 0% 2%

1761-1817

• 26%

2% 4% 20%

1817-1901

• 9%
• 3%

2% 9%

1901-1971

Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales

(difference between %-share at end and beginning of period)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones

• 26%

2% 4% 20%

1817-1901

• 9%
• 3%

2% 9%

1901-1971

• 2%
• 2%
• 23%

28%

1971-2011

Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales

(difference between %-share at end and beginning of period)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

It helps to break such a long period up into shorter ones

• 9%
• 3%

2% 9%

1901-1971

• 2%
• 2%
• 23%

28%

1971-2011

Development of the male labour force share by sector – England and Wales

(difference between %-share at end and beginning of period)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

Contents

• An early start
• A (very) brief overview of our data sources
• The national context for examining regional developments
• Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution
• The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography
• Regional concentration and its drivers

National developments not representative of regional ones

Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

Bedfordshire

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

Derbyshire Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

Berkshire Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

Warwickshire Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

``

Lancashire Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

Hertforshire Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

Norfolk Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

South Wales Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

Yorshire West Riding Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

National developments not representative of regional ones

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 E&W

London, Middlesex, and Surrey Secondary sector share of the male labour force

(% of total)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

Seventeenth century saw general industrialisation

< -3%

• 3 to -1½%
• 1½ to -1%
• 1 to -½%
• ½ to -¼%
• ¼% to ¼%

¼% to ½% ½ to 1% 1 to 1½% 1½ to 2% > 2%

(delta % per decade) Standardized difference in industrial male labour share at end versus beginning

• f period

1601-1701

But in run-up to the Industrial Revolution, industry started to concentrate in the north-west and the Midlands

1701-1761

< -3%

• 3 to -1½%
• 1½ to -1%
• 1 to -½%
• ½ to -¼%
• ¼% to ¼%

¼% to ½% ½ to 1% 1 to 1½% 1½ to 2% > 2%

(delta % per decade) Standardized difference in industrial male labour share at end versus beginning

• f period

During the Industrial Revolution, the great majority of countries actually de-industrialised

1761-1817

< -3%

• 3 to -1½%
• 1½ to -1%
• 1 to -½%
• ½ to -¼%
• ¼% to ¼%

¼% to ½% ½ to 1% 1 to 1½% 1½ to 2% > 2%

(delta % per decade) Standardized difference in industrial male labour share at end versus beginning

• f period

Maturity phase saw re-industrialisation of formerly de- industrialising counties

1817-1901

< -3%

• 3 to -1½%
• 1½ to -1%
• 1 to -½%
• ½ to -¼%
• ¼% to ¼%

¼% to ½% ½ to 1% 1 to 1½% 1½ to 2% > 2%

(delta % per decade) Standardized difference in industrial male labour share at end versus beginning

• f period

Post-war boom reflected in rapid growth of industry, almost everywhere …

1901-1971

< -3%

• 3 to -1½%
• 1½ to -1%
• 1 to -½%
• ½ to -¼%
• ¼% to ¼%

¼% to ½% ½ to 1% 1 to 1½% 1½ to 2% > 2%

(delta % per decade) Standardized difference in industrial male labour share at end versus beginning

• f period

… but the post-1970 collapse was even more general, and spectacular

1971-2011

< -3%

• 3 to -1½%
• 1½ to -1%
• 1 to -½%
• ½ to -¼%
• ¼% to ¼%

¼% to ½% ½ to 1% 1 to 1½% 1½ to 2% > 2%

(delta % per decade) Standardized difference in industrial male labour share at end versus beginning

• f period

Regional contribution to industrial growth changed over time

The total growth in the industrial male labour force, divided over the contributing regions – E&W

(% of national growth) 21% 55% 63% 45% 31%

• 41%

20% 9% 11% 17% 14%

• 21%

24% 1% 0% 9% 11%

• 8%

59% 36% 27% 38% 55%

• 38%

Heartlands London + environs Old textile Other

Industrial heartlands1 London & environs2 Old textile counties3 28 other counties

1 Lancashire, West Riding, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Cheshire 2 London, Middlesex, Surrey 3 Essex, Gloucestershire, Kent, Norfolk, Somerset, Suffolk, Wiltshire

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1601-1701 1601-1761 1761-1817 1817-1901 1901-1971 1971-2011

Contents

• An early start
• A (very) brief overview of our data sources
• The national context for examining regional developments
• Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution
• The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography
• Regional concentration and its drivers

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1601

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1621

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1641

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1661

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1681

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1701

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1721

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1741

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1761

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1781

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1801

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1817

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1841

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1851

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1861

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1871

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1881

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1891

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1901

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1911

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1921

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1931

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1951

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1961

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1971

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1911

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

2011

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1601

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1661

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1710

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1755

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1785

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1817

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1851

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1881

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1911

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

1971

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

Share of male workers in industry (excl. building)

(% of total male labour force)

Source: Occupational Structure of Britain Project; testamentary database; parish register database; national censuses; I-CeM; C.H. Lee; UK Dataservice

2011

Contents

• An early start
• A (very) brief overview of our data sources
• The national context for examining regional developments
• Regional divergence before and during the Industrial Revolution
• The formation and longevity of Britain’s industrial geography
• Regional concentration and its drivers

Strong and increasing industrial concentration, up to the early twentieth century

Share of male industrial workers per country group – E&W

(% of national total) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Industrial heartlands London & environs Old textile counties 28 other counties

Metal working increasingly concentrated in the East Midlands, South Yorkshire, and other coal mining areas

* Lancashire, Durham & Northumberland, South Wales 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

East Midlands + West Riding London & environs Other coal mining counties* 33 other counties Share of male metal workers per country group – E&W

(% of national total)

Textiles, the most heavily concentrated industry of all – up to the end of the nineteenth century

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Lancashire, West Riding, Cheshire London+ Old textile counties* 31 other counties

* Essex, Gloucestershire, Kent, Norfolk, Somerset, Suffolk, Wiltshire

Share of male textile workers per country group – E&W

(% of national total)

Shipbuilding strongly concentrated in a limited number of coastal counties

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Durham & Northumberland London+ Lancashire, Cheshire, Hampshire, Kent, South Wales, East Midlands, East and North Riding 32 other counties Share of male ship building workers per country group – E&W

(% of national total)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Vehicle manufacturing strong but developing concentration

• ver two centuries

Share of male workers in vehicle manufacturing per country group – E&W

(% of national total)

Warwickshire London and environs Industrial heartlands (except Warwickshire) New southern automotive counties* 27 other counties

*Bedfordshire, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire

Engineering/machine making concentrated in industrial heartlands and London, but dominance diminished over time

Share of male workers in engineering and machine making per country group – E&W

(% of national total) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

London and environs Industrial heartlands New southern automotive counties 27 other counties

Also at local scales

Industrial (ex building) male labour share in Cheshire, by registration sub- district (% of total labour force)

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1601

Also at local scales

Industrial (ex building) male labour share in Cheshire, by registration sub- district (% of total labour force)

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1710

Also at local scales

Industrial (ex building) male labour share in Cheshire, by registration sub- district (% of total labour force)

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1755

Also at local scales

Industrial (ex building) male labour share in Cheshire, by registration sub- district (% of total labour force)

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1785

Also at local scales

Industrial (ex building) male labour share in Cheshire, by registration sub- district (% of total labour force)

0-10 10-20 20-27.5 27.5-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-100

1817

Also at local scales

19% 25% 32% 49% 40% 34% 32% 21% 41% 41% 36% 30% c.1620 c.1700 c.1760 c.1817 Macclesfield Broxton LD, Bucklow, Chester All others 18% 33% 58% 86% 32% 27% 22% 12% 50% 40% 20% 2% c.1620 c.1700 c.1760 c.1817 Bucklow Northwich Macclesfield Bucklow, Northwich All others Chester Broxton (lower div.)

Secondary sector Textiles

Macclesfield Source: author’s analyses; CamPop parish register database

Regional concentration enabled by precociously well- developed transport network

Areas at less than ten miles of a navigable waterway

1680 1770

Source: Dan Bogart; Leigh Shaw-Taylor; Eduard Alvarez

In 1770, all of the waterway network and seventy per cent of the turnpike network were already in place

Share of network in place in a given year (% of maximum network size)

Source: Dan Bogart; Leigh Shaw-Taylor; Eduard Alvarez

56.9 15.0 12.8 9.9 8.9 8.3 8.1 7.9 6.3 3.6 3.4 1.7 Mining Transport Dealers and sellers Services & professions Metal trades & tools Building Footwear Other sec. sector Other prim. sector Clothing Textiles Agriculture Avg = 3.9

Transport and the distributive trades the fastest growing

• ccupational sub-sectors up to and during industrialisation

Ratio between the number of male workers in 1851 compared to 1601 (England and Wales, 1601-1851)

Conclusions (1/3)

• In occupational terms, Britain’s transition to an industrialized economy

was complete by 1700, with nearly half of all men and women working in the secondary sector

• The structural shift of agriculture to industry, traditionally associated with

the Industrial Revolution, had instead taken place during the sixteenth and, particularly, the seventeenth century

• Although there were some fluctuations – such as early-twentieth-century

decline, followed by a post-war boom – the secondary sector share of the labour force held largely steady until 1970, after which it went into rapid decline

• However, this surface level calm concealed regional and local turbulence;

at the level of counties and below, developments differed greatly from the national average, particularly during the 18th and early 19th century

Conclusions (2/3)

• The 18th-century lead-up to the Industrial Revolution saw the formation
• f the industrial heartlands; by 1760, Britain’s core industrial geography

was in place, to remain unchanged until the end of the 20th century

• This formation led, particularly in textiles, Britain’s dominant industry, to

the demise of the existing industrial geography with long-established, southern centres of manufacturing declining rapidly and dramatically

• The geographic concentration of function which typified the early 18th

century was made possible by a precociously well-developed transport network, whose pre-rail elements were largely in place at the eve of the Industrial Revolution

• They continued to stimulate regional specialistion during the first phase of

the Industrial Revolution (1760-1817), with most areas outside the North- West and the West Midlands de-industrialising

Conclusions (3/3)

• Whereas canals and turnpike roads had enabled industrial concentration,

the expansion of the railways led to a degree of re-industrialisation of formerly de-industrialised areas, with the industrial labour force growing faster outside than inside the heartlands

• The twentieth century witnessed a further geographic widening, with new

industries such as automotive production partly established in famously agricultural counties like Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire

• And although the post-1970 collapse of British industry hit these new

industrial areas hard, it hit the industrial heartlands harder; indeed, by 2011, the share of men working in manufacturing was remarkably uniform across Britain

• The industrial geography, established in the first half of the eighteenth

century and largely unaltered for two centuries, had finally broken down