The Need for Global Availability of High The Need for Global - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Geneva November 15, 2007 Geneva November 15, 2007 UN ECE WP29 Round Table on Fuel Quality UN ECE WP29 Round Table on Fuel Quality The Need for Global Availability of High The Need for Global Availability of High Quality Fuels

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SLIDE 1

OICA – Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles OICA – Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles

Presented by:

Sue Cischke, Senior Vice President Ford Motor Company

Sustainability, Environment and Safety Engineering

Presented by:

Sue Cischke, Senior Vice President Ford Motor Company

Sustainability, Environment and Safety Engineering

Geneva – November 15, 2007 UN ECE WP29 – Round Table on Fuel Quality Geneva – November 15, 2007 UN ECE WP29 – Round Table on Fuel Quality

The Need for Global Availability of High Quality Fuels The Need for Global Availability of High Quality Fuels

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SLIDE 2

AGENDA

  • Fuel and Vehicle as a System
  • Emission Regulatory Challenges
  • Fuel Regulatory Needs
  • Importance of High Fuel Quality
  • Auto Industry Fuel Quality Needs
  • OICA Recommendations
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SLIDE 3

Fuel and Vehicle are a System

Emission

Prevention

Fuel Quality Catalyst Aftertreatment Base Engine Improvements

Emission

Control

Emission

Reduction Emission Management Applied to Fuels and Vehicles

Fuel Quality and Vehicle Hardware together Determine the Level of Emissions

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SLIDE 4

The Path toward Zero Emissions…

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Hydrocarbons (g/km) Oxides of Nitrogen (g/km) Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Standards

EURO I (1993)

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SLIDE 5

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Hydrocarbons (g/km) Oxides of Nitrogen (g/km)

EURO I (1993) EURO II (1996)

The Path toward Zero Emissions…

Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Standards

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SLIDE 6

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Hydrocarbons (g/km) Oxides of Nitrogen (g/km)

EURO I (1993) EURO II (1996) EURO III (2000)

The Path toward Zero Emissions…

Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Standards

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SLIDE 7

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Hydrocarbons (g/km) Oxides of Nitrogen (g/km)

EURO I (1993)

EURO IV (2005)

EURO II (1996) EURO III (2000)

The Path toward Zero Emissions…

Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Standards

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SLIDE 8

EURO V

(Future)

EURO IV (2005)

EURO I (1993) EURO II (1996) EURO III (2000)

Vehicle Technology to meet the Emission Standards Requires Comparable Levels of Fuel Quality

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Hydrocarbons (g/km) Oxides of Nitrogen (g/km)

The Path toward Zero Emissions…

Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Standards

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SLIDE 9

2 4 6 8 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Calendar Year Hydrocarbon + Oxides of Nitrogen (g/km)

U.S. Emission Standards Japanese Emission Standards European Emission Standards

Emissions Standards alone do not achieve the benefits of Clean Air Quality – improved Fuels is Key

The Progression toward Zero Emissions…

Gasoline Vehicle Emissions Standards

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SLIDE 10

Sulphur Reductions have followed Legislation, Other Fuel Parameters Also Need Improvement

200 400 600 800 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 YEAR Sulphur, mg/kg EURO IV EURO V EURO III EURO II

Gasoline Sulphur Standards for Europe

The Path toward Zero Emissions…

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SLIDE 11

Available at: http://www.OICA.net

Established in 1998

  • Updates every two to three years

Approved by Auto Manufacturers and Associations worldwide

  • ACEA/Alliance/EMA/JAMA
  • Brazil, Canada, Philippines, China,

Indonesia, Korea, South Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam

Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Specifications

  • Four Levels of Fuel Quality with limits

connected to emission requirements

Fuel effects data support fuel quality needs:

  • impacts on engine performance
  • emission system functionality
  • component durability

WorldWide Fuel Charter - Fourth Edition 2006

Fuel quality specification matched to emission level

One approach…

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SLIDE 12

EC / UN-ECE

(Emissions Regulation)

EC

(Fuel Regulation)

IMPROVING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY and EMISSION CONTROL

EC Emission Regs and CEN Fuel Specs

UN-ECE Emission Requirements have no direct link between Emissions and Fuel Quality

Another approach…

EURO I EURO II EURO III EURO IV EURO V EURO I / Stage I EURO II / Stage II EURO III / Stage III EURO IV / Stage IV EURO V / Stage V requires IMPROVING FUEL QUALITY for the ENVIRONMENT

‘FIT for PURPOSE’

CEN

EN228 (Gasoline) EN590 (Diesel)

IMPROVING FUEL QUALITY for VEHICLE

OPERATION & DURABILITY

CEN

(Fuel Specification) (also similar to ASTM)

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SLIDE 13
  • Auto / Oil Programs
  • EPEFE – European Programme on Emissions, Fuels, and

Engine Technologies

  • AQIRP – US Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research

program

  • JCAP – Japan Clean Air Program

Importance of High Fuel Quality

Research and Studies

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SLIDE 14

RVP Control Reduces Exhaust and EVAP Emissions

Importance of High Fuel Quality

AQIRP - Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions

Note: Ozone data was modeled for three US cities based on the vehicle technology level and exhaust emission results Main Effects of Reducing RVP by 6.9 kPa % Change in Light-Duty Vehicle Contribution to Peak Ozone

DFW 20

  • 10

Evap Ozone HC CO Exhaust

  • 40
  • 50

10

% Change in Mass Emissions

NY LA

  • 20
  • 30

RVP Emissions

RVP = Reid Vapor Pressure NY = New York, New York LA = Los Angeles, California DFW = Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas

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SLIDE 15
  • Auto / Oil Programs
  • EPEFE – European Programme on Emissions, Fuels, and

Engine Technologies

  • AQIRP – US Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research

program

  • JCAP – Japan Clean Air Program
  • Governments and Trade Associations conduct studies to evaluate

the effect of fuels on emissions

Importance of High Fuel Quality

Research and Studies

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SLIDE 16

0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060

NMHC NOx Benzene

NMHC & NOx Tailpipe Emission, g/mile

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Benzene Tailpipe Emission, milligram/mile

Changes to specific Fuel Properties results in Reductions in Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions

Importance of High Fuel Quality

US-EPA Study : HC, NOx and Benzene Exhaust Emissions

FUEL A FUEL B

Fuel B compared to A NMHC decreased ~26% NOx decreased ~36% Benzene decreased ~43%

FUEL A B RVP, psi 9.10 7.00 T10, °F 128 137 T50, °F 221 210 T90, °F 324 305 Aromatics, volume% 28.1 21.2 Olefins, volume% 4.0 6.7 Benzene, volume% 1.09 0.41 Sulfur, ppm 32 5

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SLIDE 17

Less Benzene in Gasoline Resulted in Less Ambient Benzene Levels

Importance of High Fuel Quality

Environment Canada - Benzene Measurements

1 2 3 4 5 6 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Mean Ambient Benzene Concentration (g/m3)

0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8

Benzene in Gasoline (volume %)

Rural Ambient Urban Ambient Benzene in Gasoline

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SLIDE 18
  • Auto Manufacturers and Oil Industry Joint Programs
  • EPEFE – European Programme on Emissions, Fuels, and

Engine Technologies

  • AQIRP – US Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research

program

  • JCAP – Japan Clean Air Program
  • Governments and Trade Associations conduct studies to evaluate the

effects of fuels on emissions

  • Models for emission inventory estimate the impact of fuel

quality improvements on a region’s air quality

Studies over the past Three Decades directly link Fuel Quality to Emissions

Importance of High Fuel Quality

Research and Studies

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SLIDE 19

Diesel Fuel Quality Needs:

  • Improve Cetane Number and Index
  • Control Density, Viscosity, Distillation
  • Improve Lubricity
  • Reduce Sulphur
  • Control Ash
  • Improve Cold Flow
  • Include Detergency
  • Eliminate ethanol in diesel

Gasoline Fuel Quality Needs:

  • Eliminate Metal Additives (No Pb, Mn, Fe)
  • Eliminate Silicon
  • Improve Octane
  • Reduce Sulphur
  • Control Vapour Pressure
  • Control Volatility
  • Reduce Benzene
  • Improve Detergency
  • Control Aromatics and Olefins

Bio-based Fuels Market is Growing

  • Evaluate Vehicle Compatibility
  • Develop and Adopt Fuel Specifications
  • Use Performance Tests as a Basis
  • Protect Existing Vehicles
  • Support Biofuel Market Growth

There is a Broad Base of Fuel Quality Needs to Match Emissions Requirements

Auto Industry Fuel Quality Needs

Catalyst Mn-deposits Clogged Fuel Filter

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SLIDE 20

Example Fuel Specification

Fuel Specifications Need to be tied to Emissions

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SLIDE 21

Avoid Separating Fuels from Emissions

Real-Life Scenario #1

New Emission Standards Introduced - Low Sulfur Diesel – Decreased Lubricity (worsened) – Fuel System Concerns Solution: Use Diesel Lubricity Additives

Real-Life Scenario #2

Tier 2 Emission Standards – Introduced Advanced Emission Control – Manganese in Gasoline – Deposits Plugging Catalysts Solution: Provide Manganese-Free Gasoline

Real-Life Scenario #3

Biofuel – Inadequate Stability – Biofuel Blend Degrades – Performance based Stability Specifications Required Solution: Develop Adequate Fuel Specifications

FUEL QUALITY VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY TAILPIPE EMISSIONS

+ = Both Heavy Duty and Light Duty Require Fuel Specifications to be tied to Emissions

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SLIDE 22

EU Emissions Regulations EU Fuel Regulations

CEN Fuel Standards

“Fit For Purpose” requirements

Fuel Quality Drivers:

  • 1. Air Quality and Environment
  • 2. Operability and Long-term Mechanical Durability

European Process Recognizes a Vehicle’s Need for High Quality Fuel and Provides Operability and Long-Term Mechanical Durability

UN-ECE Needs Fuel Regulations

UN-ECE Fuel Regulations are Needed

Current EU Process

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SLIDE 23

More stringent Emission Regulations require the use

  • f more advanced emission control technologies

which drives the need for improved fuel quality Fuel quality must be compatible with vehicle technology Data clearly shows the link between fuel quality and vehicle emissions Need exists to treat the fuel and vehicle as a system Market Fuel Quality needs to be part of the UN-ECE Regulations

Summary

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SLIDE 24

Recognition of the need to link market fuel quality to vehicle emission requirements is critical to the Environment and Auto Industry.

OICA Recommendations

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SLIDE 25

Recognition of the need to link market fuel quality to vehicle emission requirements is critical to the Environment and Auto Industry. Action within WP29:

Determine the Best Process to move forward Identify Experts to develop fuel specifications Evaluate the most effective mechanism for implementation Decide which is most expeditious to implement Launch most efficient process for timely implementation

OICA Recommendations

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SLIDE 26

CLEANER FUELS + CLEANER VEHICLES = CLEANER AIR

We Must All Work Together!

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SLIDE 27