THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE OF LUKEACTS The Gospel of Luke An Outline - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries

PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels

• Dr. Catherine Murphy

THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE OF LUKE–ACTS

The Gospel of Luke

An Outline

Prologue 1:1-4 Infancy & Childhood Narrative 1:5–2:52 Preparation for Public Ministry 3:1–4:13 Ministry in Galilee 4:14–9:50 Journey to Jerusalem 9:51–19:27 Ministry in Jerusalem 19:28–21:38 Passion Narrative 22:1–23:56 Resurrection & Ascension 24:1-53

Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday, 1997.

LUKE

Prologue (1:1-4) Infancy Narrative (1:5–2:52) Preparation for Public Ministry (3:1–4:13) Ministry in Galilee (4:14–9:50) Journey to Jerusalem (9:51–19:27) Ministry in Jerusalem (19:28–21:38) Passion Narrative (22:1–23:56) Resurrection Appearances (24:1-53)

ACTS

Recap of Gospel, reference to Theophilus (1:1-5) Preparing for the Spirit (1:6-26) Pentecost and Communal Life in Jerusalem (2:1-45) Ministry in Jerusalem (3:1–8:1a) Missions in Samaria and Judea (81b–12:25) Gentile Mission (Barnabas and Saul; Jerusalem Approves (13:1–15:35) Mission of Paul to the ends of the earth (15:36–28:31)

Theophilus Arrival/Departure

• f Jesus

Descent of Spirit Teaching, Healing, Communal Life The Way Arrest, Trial

Plotting Comparisons

in Luke and Acts

Luke’s Prologue

An Overview of His Narrative Style

Since many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the events that have been fulfilled among us, just as those who were eyewitnesses from the beginning and ministers

• f the word have handed them down to us, I too have

decided, after investigating everything accurately anew, to write it down in an orderly sequence for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may realize the certainty

• f the teachings you have received.

κατεχήθης catechesis

How Luke Advances the Prologue’s Themes

Orderly Account

Mark Luke

Jesus returns to Nazareth after his temptation, where he reads from Isaiah and is rejected; he moves to Capernaum Jesus cures a demoniac in Capernaum, as well as Simon’s mother-in-law and others; he asks Simon to put his nets down after a fish-less night and they catch more than their nets can hold; then Jesus calls Simon and the others, and they leave everything and follow Jesus goes to Capernaum after his temptation, which is not his home; later he returns to Nazareth, where he is rejected Jesus calls his disciples right when he arrives in Capernaum; they drop everything and follow him Mark introduces the women followers at the cross, but says they’ve been there since Jesus was up in the Galilee Luke introduces them in chapter 8, during the Galilean ministry

How Luke Advances the Prologue’s Themes

Certainty of the Teachings

The Community & Ethics God

Angel announces that Elizabeth and Mary will bear sons; they do Mary, Elizabeth and Simeon explicitly praise God’s trustworthiness

Jesus

John the Baptist does what the angel said he would (1:16-17) Jesus receives God’s “seal of approval” at baptism A genealogy that begins with Adam (instead of Abraham) signals Jesus’ significance for ALL peoples Jesus refuses to be Satan’s agent and remains faithful to God The first thing Jesus proclaims is that Isaiah’s prophecy of jubilee is fulfilled—and for all peoples Jesus enacts the jubilee redemption Transfiguration prefigures the promised resurrection Jesus journeys to Jerusalem to fulfill his mission and word Much of Jesus’ teaching about how to be a disciple is set ”on the way” to Jerusalem, to his death God will vindicate him in the resurrection

Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries

PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels

• Dr. Catherine Murphy

LUKE’S INFANCY NARRATIVE

The Gospel of Luke

Literary Characteristics: Infancy Narrative

Before births Birth Childhood John’s birth announced

1:5-25

Jesus’ birth announced

1:26-38

Mary visits cousin Elizabeth

1:39-56

John is born

1:57-58

John is circumcised and presented

1:59-79

The child grew…

1:80

John the Baptist Jesus Jesus is born

2:1-20

Jesus is circumcised and presented

2:21-38

The child grew…

2:39-40

…and taught in Temple

2:41-52

Themes in the Infancy Narrative

• Birth of John announced
• Birth of Jesus announced
• Mary visits Elizabeth
• Birth of John
• Circumcision / manifestation of John

Before the Births of John and Jesus Births of John and Jesus

• Birth of Jesus
• Circumcision / manifestation of Jesus
• Finding in the Temple

Themes

• The relationship of

John and Jesus

• Prayer
• The action of the

Holy Spirit

• The inauguration of

the year of favor / the raising of the lowly / redemption

• Temple as center of

holiness

Differences between Infancy Accounts

Matthew Luke

Narrative structure emphasizes the relationship of Jesus and John the Baptist Narrative structure emphasizes contrast between two kings of the Jews, Herod and Jesus Dreams conveying angelic messages move the plot (Joseph’s 3 dreams, magoi’s dream) Canticles of praise from humans and angels interpret the key events

Mary’s Magnificat Zechariah’s Benedictus angels’ hymn Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis

Luke tells a story of Jesus at age 12, left behind in the Temple one Passover, where he is found teaching the teachers We hear nothing of Jesus’ childhood, except that part of his infancy was spent in Egypt Mary and Joseph live in Bethlehem; Jesus is born at home Mary and Joseph live in Nazareth; Jesus is born in his ancestral home because Joseph is required to register there for a Roman census

Themes Emerging

From Prologue & Infancy Narrative

• Concern for history, order
• The relationship of John and Jesus
• Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy
• Prayer, and temple as a place of prayer
• Action of the Holy Spirit
• Year of favor: redemption and a universalizing of

“salvation”

• Sharing of goods, justice for poor

Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries

PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels

• Dr. Catherine Murphy

NARRATIVE & REDACTIONAL THEMES IN LUKE

Themes Emerging

From Narrative Critical Exercises

• Concern for history, order
• The relationship of John and Jesus
• Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy
• Prayer, and temple as a place of prayer
• Action of the Holy Spirit
• Year of favor: redemption and a

universalizing of “salvation”

• Sharing of goods, justice for poor

These first two are mostly emphasized in Luke 1–2 and the

• rdering of the plot

Themes in Luke

Redactional Evidence

Now when John heard in prison about the deeds of the Christ, he sent word by his disciples and said to him, “Are you he who is to come,

• r shall we look for another?”

And Jesus answered them, “Go and tell John what you hear and see….”

Relationship of John and Jesus

Matthew 11:2-4 Luke 7:18-22

The disciples of John told him of all these

• things. And John, calling to him two of his

disciples, sent them to the Lord, saying, “Are you he who is to come,

• r shall we look for another?” And when the

men had come to him, they said, “John the Baptist has sent us to you, saying, ‘Are you he who is to come, or shall we look for another?’” In that hour he cured many of diseases and plagues and evil spirits, and on many that were blind he bestowed sight. And he answered them, “Go and tell John what you have seen and heard….”

Themes in Luke

Redactional Evidence

And after six days Jesus took with him Peter and James and John, and led them up a high mountain apart by themselves; and he was transfigured before them, and his garments became glistening, intensely white, as no fuller on earth could bleach them. And there appeared to them Elijah with Moses; and they were talking to Jesus.

Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy

Mark 9:2-4 Luke 9:28-31

Now about eight days after these sayings he took with him Peter and John and James, and went up on the mountain to pray. And as he was praying, the appearance of his countenance was altered, and his raiment became dazzling white. And behold, two men talked with him, Moses and Elijah, who appeared in glory and spoke of his exodus, which he was to accomplish in Jerusalem.

Themes in Luke

Redactional Evidence

And he went up on the mountain, and called to him those whom he desired; and they came to him. And he appointed twelve, to be with him, and to be sent out to preach and have authority to cast out demons….

Prayer

Mark 3:13-15 Luke 6:12-13 In these days he went out to the mountain to pray; and all night he continued in prayer to God. And when it was day, he called his disciples, and chose from them twelve, whom he named apostles….

Themes in Luke

Redactional Evidence

And Jesus went on with his disciples, to the villages of Caesarea Philippi; and on the way he asked his disciples, “Who do men say that I am?”

Prayer

Mark 8:27 Luke 9:18 Now it happened that as he was praying alone the disciples were with him; and he asked them, “Who do the people say that I am?”

Themes in Luke

Redactional Evidence

Mark 1:12-13 The Spirit drove him out into the

• wilderness. And he was in the

wilderness forty days…

Action of the Holy Spirit

Mark Luke Luke 4:1-2 And Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan, and was led by the Spirit for forty days in the wilderness… Mark 1:14a Now after John was arrested, Jesus came into Galilee… Luke 4:14a And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee…

Themes in Luke

Redactional Evidence

He went away from there and came to his own country; and his disciples followed him. And on the sabbath he began to teach in the synagogue, and many who heard him were astonished…

Year of the Lord’s favor

Mark 6:1-2 Luke 4:16-22

And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up; and he went to the synagogue, as his custom was, on the sabbath day. And he stood up to read; and there was given to him the book of the prophet Isaiah. He opened the book and found the place where it was written, “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor….” And he began to say to them, “Today this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing.” And all spoke well of him, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth…

Themes in Luke

Redactional Evidence

As he entered Capernaum, a centurion came forward to him, beseeching him and saying, “Lord, my servant is lying paralyzed at home, in terrible distress.” And he said to him, “I will come and heal him.”

Year of the Lord’s favor

salvation for all nations

Matthew 8:5-6 Luke 7:1-6

After he had ended all his sayings in the hearing of the people he entered

• Capernaum. Now a centurion had a slave

who was dear to him, who was sick and at the point of death. When he heard of Jesus, he sent to him elders of the Jews, asking him to come and heal his

• slave. And when they came to Jesus, they

besought him earnestly, saying, “He is worthy to have you do this for him, for he loves our nation, and he built us our synagogue.” And Jesus went with them.

The Same Themes Appear in Acts

Themes Revealed in the Gospel Concern for history, order The relationship of John and Jesus Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy Prayer (and temple as place of prayer) Action of the Holy Spirit Year of favor

• redemption, sharing of goods,

justice for the poor

• universalizing of “salvation”

Are they present in Acts?

• Acts 1:1-3; 3:12-26; 7:2-53
• Acts 1:5
• Acts 2:16-21, 24-28, 31, 34 (cf. Lk 24:44)
• Acts 1:24-26; 3:1–4:3; 5:12-26, 42
• Acts 2; 4:8, 25, 31; 6:3-5, 10
• Acts 2:45; 4:32, 35–5:11
• Acts 10–11; 13:46ff

Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries

PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels

• Dr. Catherine Murphy

JESUS, PROPHET OF SALVATION

Jesus as Prophet

Inaugural Words in the Nazareth Synagogue

4:16When he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up, he

went to the synagogue on the sabbath day, as was his custom. He stood up to read, 17and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to

• him. He unrolled the scroll and found the place where it was written:

18 “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to

bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free, 19 to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor.”

20And he rolled up the scroll, gave it back to the attendant, and sat

• down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on him. 21Then he

began to say to them, “Today this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing.”

Jesus as Prophet

A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the

• ppressed go free, to proclaim the year
• f the Lord’s favor.”

“He has brought down the powerful from their thrones, and lifted up the lowly; he has filled the hungry with good things, and sent the rich away

• empty. He has helped his servant

Israel, in remembrance of his mercy, according to the promise he made to

• ur ancestors, to Abraham and to his

descendants forever.”

Mary, Magnificat (Luke 1:52-55)

Jesus as Prophet

A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the

• ppressed go free, to proclaim the year
• f the Lord’s favor.”

“Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, for he has looked favorably on his people and redeemed them. He has raised up a mighty savior for us in the house of his servant David, as he spoke through the mouth of his holy prophets from of

• ld, that we would be saved from our

enemies and from the hand of all who hate us.”

Zechariah, Benedictus (Luke 1:68-71)

Jesus as Prophet

A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the

• ppressed go free, to proclaim the year
• f the Lord’s favor.”

“Do not be afraid; for see—I am bringing you good news of great joy for all the people: to you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, who is the Messiah, the Lord. This will be a sign for you: you will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger.”

Angel (2:10-12)

Jesus as Prophet

A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the

• ppressed go free, to proclaim the year
• f the Lord’s favor.”

“Do not be afraid; for see—I am bringing you good news of great joy for all the people: to you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, who is the Messiah, the Lord. This will be a sign for you: you will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger.”

Angel (2:10-12)

Jesus as Prophet

A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the

• ppressed go free, to proclaim the year
• f the Lord’s favor.”

“Master, now you are dismissing your servant in peace, according to your word; for my eyes have seen your salvation, which you have prepared in the presence of all peoples, a light for revelation to the Gentiles and for glory to your people Israel.”

Simeon, Nunc Dimittis (2:29-32)

Jesus as Prophet

Inaugural Words in the Nazareth Synagogue

4:22They said, “Is not this Joseph’s son?” 23 He said to them,

“Doubtless you will quote to me this proverb, ‘Doctor, cure yourself!’ And you will say, ‘Do here also in your hometown the things that we have heard you did at Capernaum.’”

24 And he said, “Truly I tell you, no prophet is accepted in the

prophet’s hometown. 25 But the truth is, there were many widows in Israel in the time of Elijah, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, and there was a severe famine over all the land; 26 yet Elijah was sent to none of them except to a widow at Zarephath in Sidon. 27There were also many lepers in Israel in the time of the prophet Elisha, and none of them was cleansed except Naaman the Syrian.” 28When they heard this, all in the synagogue were filled with rage. 29They got up, drove him out of the town, and led him to the brow of the hill on which their town was built, so that they might hurl him off the cliff. 30 But he passed through the midst of them and went on his way.

Jesus as Prophet

He Acts Like Elisha Luke 5:12-16 He heals a man with leprosy

Mark is his source; Luke adds that afterward Jesus withdrew to the wilderness and prayed.

2 Kgs 5 Namaan was a foreigner, a Syrian

Luke 17:11-19 He heals ten men with leprosy

Unique to Luke. Only the foreigner, the Samaritan, returns to thank him.

Jesus as Prophet

He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 7:11-17)

Soon afterwards he went to a town called Nain, and his disciples and a large crowd went with him. As he approached the gate of the town, a man who had died was being carried out. He was his mother’s only son, and she was a widow; and with her was a large crowd from the town. When the Lord saw her, he had compassion for her and said to her, “Do not weep.” Then he came forward and touched the bier, and the bearers stood still. And he said, “Young man, I say to you, rise!” The dead man sat up and began to speak, and Jesus gave him to his mother. Fear seized all of them; and they glorified God, saying, “A great prophet has risen among us!” and “God has looked favorably on his people!” This word about him spread throughout Judea and all the surrounding country.

1 Kgs 17:17-24

Jesus as Prophet

He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 24:50-53)

Then he led them out as far as Bethany, and, lifting up his hands, he blessed them. While he was blessing them, he withdrew from them and was carried up into heaven. And they worshiped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy; and they were continually in the temple blessing God.

2 Kgs 2:1-13

Jesus as Prophet

He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 24:50-53)

Luke is aware of the tradition linking Elijah to John; the angel Gabriel mentions it to Zechariah:

“With the spirit and power of Elijah he will go before him, to turn the hearts of parents to their children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous, to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.”

Luke 1:17

Jesus as Prophet

He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 24:50-53)

But he prefers to minimize that in favor of Jesus:

Then they asked him, “Why do the scribes say that Elijah must come first?” He said to them, “Elijah is indeed coming first to restore all things. How then is it written about the Son of Man, that he is to go through many sufferings and be treated with contempt? But I tell you that Elijah has come, and they did to him whatever they pleased, as it is written about him.” Luke Mark 9:11-13

Jesus as Prophet

He Is the Prophet Like Moses (Luke 9:28-31)

Now about eight days after these sayings Jesus took with him Peter and John and James, and went up on the mountain to pray. And while he was praying, the appearance of his face changed, and his clothes became dazzling white. Suddenly they saw two men, Moses and Elijah, talking to him. They appeared in glory and were speaking of his exodus, which he was about to accomplish at Jerusalem.

Jesus as Prophet

He Is the Prophet Like Moses (Acts 3:18-25; cf. 7:37)

“In this way God fulfilled what he had foretold through all the prophets, that his Messiah would

• suffer. Repent therefore, and turn to God so that

your sins may be wiped out, so that times of refreshing may come from the presence of the Lord, and that he may send the Messiah appointed for you, that is, Jesus, who must remain in heaven until the time of universal restoration that God announced long ago through his holy prophets. Moses said, ‘The Lord your God will raise up for you from your own people a prophet like me. You must listen to whatever he tells you. And it will be that everyone who does not listen to that prophet will be utterly rooted out of the people.’ And all the prophets, as many as have spoken, from Samuel and those after him, also predicted these days. You are the descendants of the prophets and of the covenant that God gave to your ancestors.” Peter Preaching in Solomon’s Portico in the Temple

Deuteronomy 18:15

The Theme of Salvation

Jesus is Savior of All

§ Angels’ opening hymn

□ Only place in the synoptic gospels

where Jesus is called ”savior” *

* John’s Gospel will refer to Jesus by the imperial title “Savior of the world” (4:42)

□ Language echoes imperial claims

Temple of Roma and Augustus

Parthenon in the Background Athens

built after 27 BCE

Temple of Roma and Augustus

The People (dedicated this temple) to the Goddess Roma and [[Augustus Caesar]], when the general in charge of the hoplites was Pammenes, son of Zenon, of Marathon, priest of the Goddess Roma and Augustus Soter on the Acropolis, when the priestess of Athena Polias was Megiste, daughter of Asklepiades of Halai, in the archonship of Areios, son of Dorion, of Paiania.

The Theme of Salvation

Jesus is Savior of All

§ Angels’ opening hymn

□ Only place in the synoptic gospels

where Jesus is called ”savior” *

□ Language echoes imperial claims

§ Inaugural sermon cites Isaiah’s vision of redemption § Luke explicitly has Jesus say that “The Son of Man came to seek out and to save the lost” (19:10; Zacchaeus)

* John’s Gospel will refer to Jesus by the imperial title “Savior of the world” (4:42)

□ When he is born in David’s city because of Augustus’

census, the emperor’s title of Savior is being contested

The Theme of Salvation

Not Linked to the Cross in the Same Way as Mark, Matthew

After James and John request to sit at his right and left hand in the kingdom: “For the Son of Man also came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.” Luke 22:27 Mark 10:45 “For which is the greater, one who sits at table, or one who serves? Is it not the one who sits at table? But I am among you as one who serves.”

The Theme of Salvation

Not Linked to the Cross in the Same Way as Mark, Matthew

”Drink of it, all of you; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.” Luke 22:20 Matthew 26:27-28 “This cup which is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.” Mark 14:24 ”This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many.”

The Theme of Salvation

Yet Luke’s Jesus does save someone while onthe cross

And the robbers who were crucified with him also reviled him in the same way. Luke 23:39-43 Matthew 27:44 One of the criminals who were hanged railed at him, saying, “Are you not the Christ? Save yourself and us!” But the other rebuked him…. And he said, “Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom.” And he said to him, “Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in Paradise.” Mark 15:32b …Those who were crucified with him also reviled him.

The Theme of Salvation

Extended to the Gentiles (Acts 13:44-47)

The next sabbath almost the whole city gathered to hear the word of the Lord. But when the Jews saw the crowds, they were filled with jealousy; and blaspheming, they contradicted what was spoken by Paul. Then both Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, saying, “It was necessary that the word of God should be spoken first to you. Since you reject it and judge yourselves to be unworthy of eternal life, we are now turning to the Gentiles. For so the Lord has commanded us, saying, ‘I have set you to be a light for the Gentiles, so that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth.’”

Paul Preaching in the synagogue in Pisidian Antioch

The Theme of Salvation

Extended to the Gentiles (Acts 13:44-47)

“It is too light a thing that you should be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob and to restore the survivors of Israel; I will give you as a light to the nations, that my salvation may reach to the end

• f the earth.”

Isaiah 49:6

Jews Mourning in Babylonian Exile (Eduard Bendemann)

Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries

PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels

• Dr. Catherine Murphy

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR LUKE & ACTS

Gospel of Luke

Manuscript Evidence

There are 1,756 manuscripts of Luke; 9 of these date to the first 600 years of Christian history

Century Manuscript Extent

Luke 6:4-16 P4

100–200s P4/64/67 Parts of Matthew and Luke 1–5 200s 5 papyri parts of chapters 3–18, 22 (P45 has other gospels & Acts) 300s 01 all 03 all 0171 17 verses in chapter 22 (+ Matthew) 300–400s 1 papyrus 5 verses from chapter 7 0181 parts of chapters 9–10 400s 026 parts of 11 chapters 029 parts of 7 chapters

• D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts

(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 320-23.

032 all 2 other uncial mss preserving parts of chapters 8–10 500s 10 uncial mss 2 preserve most of the gospel; others fragmentary

Acts of the Apostles

Manuscript Evidence

30 of the extant manuscripts of Acts date to the first 600 years of Christian history

Century Manuscript Extent

Acts 26:7-8, 20 P29/pOxy 1597

200s 5 papyri various parts, in two cases collated with gospels c.300 P38 Acts 18–19 300s P8 Acts 4–6 01 all 03 all 0189 Acts 5 300–400s 2 papyri, 1 uncial parts of chapters 3–5, 8, 10 c.400 05 all (+ four gospels, 3 John; diglot Greek and Latin) 400s P112 Acts 26–27

• D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts

(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 283-6.

02 all 04 all 7 uncial mss 1 is complete; others preserve 1–2 chapters 400–500s P58 and 1 uncial Acts 1, 2 500s P33 and 3 uncials 1 is complete, others preserve 1–2 chapters