The forces behind the changing Internet: IXPs and content delivery - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The forces behind the changing Internet: IXPs and content delivery - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 11, 2023 298 likes •532 views

The forces behind the changing Internet: IXPs and content delivery and SDN Steve Uhlig Queen Mary, University of London steve@eecs.qmul.ac.uk http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~steve/ Credit to collaborators: Bernhard Ager, Nikos Chatzis, Anja

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The forces behind the changing Internet: IXPs and content delivery and SDN

Steve Uhlig

Queen Mary, University of London steve@eecs.qmul.ac.uk http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~steve/

Credit to collaborators: Bernhard Ager, Nikos Chatzis, Anja Feldmann, Benjamin Frank, Bruce Maggs, Wolfgang Mühlbauer, Ingmar Poese, Nadi Sarrar, Georgios Smaragdakis, Walter Willinger

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Agenda

  • Internet update
  • Internet exchange points
  • Content delivery ecosystem
  • Software Defined Networking
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Accepted view of the Internet

  • 35,000+ networks
  • Hierarchical structure
  • Tier-1 (10-20): ATT, L3, Sprint,…
  • Regional ISPs (15%): BT, Telefonica,…
  • Stubs (85%): eyeball ISPs, universities,

enterprise networks

  • Known AS connectivity
  • Customer-provider: 90,000+
  • Peer-peer: 40,000?
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Old mental model

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Most recent mental model

  • C. Labovitz, S. Iekel-Johnson, D. McPherson, J. Oberheide, and F. Jahanian. Internet

Interdomain Traffic. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2010.

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Agenda

  • Internet update
  • Internet Exchange Points
  • Content delivery ecosystem
  • Software Defined Networking
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Internet Exchange Point

  • An Internet exchange point

(IXP) is a layer 2 service to facilitate the interconnection between

  • ISPs
  • Hosting or service providers
  • CDNs
  • An IXP facilitates peering between

players, usually across a public and/or private peering fabric of some type

  • Offer public and/or private

peerings

William B. Norton. The Internet Peering Playbook : Connecting to the Core of the

  • Internet. DrPeering Press, 2012.
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IXP architecture: example

AS6 AS7 AS8 AS9

... ASN

AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 AS5

IXP switches Members' routers

  • B. Ager, N. Chatzis, A. Feldmann, N. Sarrar, S. Uhlig, and W. Willinger. Anatomy of

a Large European IXP. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2012.

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Interconnection and business

William B. Norton. The Internet Peering Playbook : Connecting to the Core of the

  • Internet. DrPeering Press, 2012.
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Peerings at an IXP

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 150 250 350 Members Number of peers

  • T1

T2 Leaf

  • LISP

SISP HCDN AEN

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Updated view of the Internet

  • Mixed structure
  • Tier-1 (10-20) + Large IXPs
  • Regional ISPs + smaller regional IXP
  • Known AS connectivity
  • Customer-provider: 90,000+
  • Peer-peer: data from a single IXP doubles it!
  • Traffic
  • Increasingly exchanged directly between CDN

and regional ISPs

  • B. Ager, N. Chatzis, A. Feldmann, N. Sarrar, S. Uhlig, and W. Willinger. Anatomy of

a Large European IXP. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2012.

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Agenda

  • Internet update
  • Internet Exchange Points
  • Content delivery ecosystem
  • Software Defined Networking
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World data centers

http://www.datacentermap.com/

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Google data centers

http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/04/11/map-of-all-google-data-center-locations/

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World clouds

http://www.datacentermap.com/

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Today’s popular CDNs

  • B. Ager, W. Mühlbauer, G. Smaragdakis, and S. Uhlig. Web content cartography.
  • Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM IMC 2011.
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CDNs geographic coverage

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Content is power

  • CAIDA: BGP-based degree or customer-cone
  • Renesys: variant of CAIDA-cone
  • Knodes: Fixedorbit.com centrality metric
  • Arbor: Interdomain traffic
  • Potential: hostname-based
  • Normalized potential: weighted hostnames
  • B. Ager, W. Mühlbauer, G. Smaragdakis, and S. Uhlig. Web content cartography.
  • Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM IMC 2011.
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CDN 3.0

  • Hybrid infrastructures: Akamai, PPTV
  • Meta-CDNs, e.g., Conviva
  • Virtual CDNs through ISP micro-datacenters

ISP

S S S S S S S S = PoP with Microdatacenter (Service deployed) = PoP with Microdatacenter PoPs
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Agenda

  • Internet update
  • Internet exchange points
  • Content delivery ecosystem
  • Software Defined Networking
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Google and SDN

  • Google is using OpenFlow
  • Purpose: traffic engineering
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Conclusion

  • Revisiting mental model of the Internet
  • IXP has a rich ecosystem: members, traffic,

geography

  • CDN 3.0: hybrid and ISP-CDN clouds
  • SDN: TE as a use-case