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THE FEDERAL CASE FOR COMPUTING PETER HARSHA CRA LISPI 2017 Me - - PDF document

CRA GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS THE FEDERAL CASE FOR COMPUTING PETER HARSHA CRA LISPI 2017 Me Brian Mosley Policy Analyst NOVEMBER 6-7, 2017 1 2 CRA COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS STRUCTURE OF THIS TALK Stephanie Forrest, University of New


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SLIDE 1

THE FEDERAL CASE FOR COMPUTING

PETER HARSHA CRA LISPI 2017 NOVEMBER 6-7, 2017

1

Me Brian Mosley Policy Analyst

CRA GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS

2

CRA COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS

Stephanie Forrest, University of New Mexico — Chair Greg Hager, Johns Hopkins - Co-Chair Ed Lazowska, Washington — Co-Chair Sarita Adve (University of Illinois) David Bader (Georgia Institute of Technology) David Ebert (Purdue University) Joel Emer (NVIDIA and MIT) Dan Grossman (University of Washington) Jeff Hollingsworth (University of Maryland) Farnam Jahanian (Carnegie Mellon University) John King (University of Michigan) Margaret Martonosi (Princeton University) Andrew Moore (Carnegie Mellon University) Dan Reed (University of Iowa) Bobby Schnabel (Association of Computing Machinery) Fred Schneider (Cornell University) Marc Snir (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) Eugene H. Spafford (Purdue University) David Tennenhouse (VMware)

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STRUCTURE OF THIS TALK

  • A bit about CRA and where we fit
  • The problems we face
  • How we deal with them
  • Congressional scrutiny

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+ 200+ PhD-granting computing depts. + 21 industrial and federal research labs + Six affiliated professional societies

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Mission: “to unite industry, government and academia to enhance innovation by strengthening research and advanced education in computing.”

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SLIDE 2

GOAL

Remain the “organization of record” for computing research policy issues

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WE’RE PART OF AN ACTIVE COMPUTING POLICY COMMUNITY

  • ACM Ed Policy/USACM
  • IEEE-CS/IEEE-USA
  • SIAM
  • CASC
  • AAAI, USENIX
  • NCWIT
  • Industry Groups

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INNOVATION POLICY AND MAINTAINING THE HEALTH OF THE RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM

  • Access to Talent
  • Impediments to Research
  • Research Funding and Priorities

9 CHALLENGES 10

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Amistad America An Achievable Dream Inc Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation Appalachia Service Project Aquarium of the Pacific Arison Family Trust Arizona Science Center Asphalt Green Assn for Homeowners Across America Assn of Critical Care Transport Assn of Fundraising Professionals Attic Correctional Services August Wilson Cntr/African Amer Culture Austin Hill Country Conservancy Benetech Initiative Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America Bipartisan Advocacy Center Bipartisan Policy Center Bipartisan Policy Ctr Advocacy Network Boston Museum of Fine Arts Boston Museum of Science Boy Scouts of America Boys & Girls Clubs of America Boys & Girls Town of Missouri Boysville Brooklyn Botanical Garden California Academy of Sciences California Center for Land Recycling California Science Center Foundation CARE Action Now Care Coalition Career Gear Carnegie Institute Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Center for Civic Education Center for Individual Freedom Center for Inquiry Center for Rural Affairs Center for Science in Public Interest Certified Financial Planner Brd of Stds Chabot Space & Science Center Chadd Inc Chicago Botanic Garden Chicago Zoological Society Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose Children's Museum of Houston Discovery Science Center Duane Morris Government Affairs Duluth Children's Museum ECMC Group Envision Families of Flight 93 Federation of State Humanities Council Fermi Research Alliance Field Museum Figge Art Museum Fight Crime: Invest In Kids First Candle Folger Shakespeare Library Fort Wayne Allen County Economic Foundation for a Better Oregon Fraternal Order of Eagles Friends of Charities Assn Friends of the Griffith Observatory Friends of the World Food Program From the Top Future of Music Coalition GAVI Fund Georgian Bay Forever Girl Scouts of the USA Go for Broke National Education Center God's Love We Deliver Goodwill Industries International Goodwill Industries/metro Chicago Grammy Foundation Great River Economic Development Fdtn Green for All Greenway Foundation Guardian Angel Holdings Habitat for Humanity International Harbor Heritage Society Healey Family Foundation Heartland Family Service Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village Hillside Family of Agencies Homeownership Preservation Foundation HONOReform Houston Advanced Research Center Houston Zoo Immunodeficiency Foundation Independent Sector Institute for Student Achievement Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Michigan Research Institute Midpeninsula Regional Open Space Dist Military Child Education Coalition Missouri Botanical Garden Missouri Public Transit Assn Monterey Bay Aquarium Mote Marine Laboratory Muscular Dystrophy Assn Museum of Flight Museum of Latin American Art Museum of Science & Industry Museum of the City of New York My Turn Inc Mystic Marine Life Aquarium Mystic Seaport Museum National Aquarium in Baltimore National Aviary National Building Museum National Center for State Courts National Center for Victims of Crime National Coalition for History National Community Action Foundation National Community Renaissance National Down Syndrome Society National Fire Protection Assn National Geographic Society National Middle School Assn National Museum of Industrial History National Museum of Women in the Arts National Safety Council National Women's History Museum National Young Farmers Education Assn Natl Assn Exchange of Industrl Resources Natl Assn of Foster Grandparents Natl Assn of Local Housing Finance Agenc Natl Assn/Univ Forest Resource Programs Natl Cltn for Women with Heart Disease Natl Commodity Supplemental Food Program Natl Conf of Cmsrs on Uniform State Laws Natl Immigration Forum Action Fund Natl Museum of American Jewish History Natl Underground Railroad Freedom Center Naval Aviation Museum Foundation Nehemiah Corp of America New Detroit Science Center

# of Lobbyists (FY16)

11,167

Lobbying Expenditures

$3.15 billion

Working “S&T”

366

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FY 2017 FEDERAL BUDGET $4.0 TRILLION

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FY 2017 FEDERAL BUDGET

MANDATORY SPENDING $2.54 TRILLION DISCRETIONARY SPENDING $1.21 TRILLION INTEREST $306 BILLION 13

FY 2017 FEDERAL BUDGET

DISCRETIONARY SPENDING $1.21 TRILLION 14

FY 2017 FEDERAL BUDGET

DISCRETIONARY SPENDING $1.21 TRILLION

Agriculture CJS Defense Energy and Water Financial Services Homeland Security Interior and Environment Labor/HHS/Education Legislative Branch Military/Veterans State/Foreign Ops Transportation/HUD

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APPROPRIATIONS IS A ZERO-SUM GAME

Commerce, Justice, Science Bill

  • National Science Foundation
  • NIST
  • NOAA
  • NASA
  • FBI / Dept. of Justice
  • Census

16

NSF, COPS OR SPACESHIPS?

17 LONG-TERM FISCAL CHALLENGES 18

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SLIDE 4

1750 3500 5250 7000

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Discretionary Mandatory Net Interest

Growth in Mandatory Spending vs. Discretionary

Source: Congressional Budget Office projection

19 20 21

ATTITUDES HAVE CHANGED

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CONGRESS IS MORE POLARIZED THAN EVER

  • Not a single Democratic Senator was more

conservative than any GOPer. Not a single GOP Senator is more liberal than any Dem.

  • The House is equally polarized, with only

five GOPers ranking more liberal than the most conservative Dem, and only four Dems more conservative than the most liberal Republican.

From a 2011 National Journal Study of the 2010 election cycle.

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CONGRESS IS MORE POLARIZED THAN EVER

  • Of the 98 Democrats who had the most

middle-of-the-road voting records in the last Congress, 55 of their seats are now in GOP hands.

From a 2011 National Journal Study of the 2010 election cycle.

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SLIDE 5

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THIS POLARIZATION HAS CHANGED ATTITUDES ABOUT SCIENCE

27 28

  • Comity and bipartisanship on the committee

probably peaked in about 2007-8 with Gathering Storm and the America COMPETES Act

  • Breakdown started in earnest in 2010, during

reauthorization of COMPETES

  • GOP tried to kill bill to deny Dems a win in an

election year

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  • In 2012, Sen. Tom Coburn attacked NSF as

wasteful for “silly-sounding” research

  • In 2013, Coburn/McCain and Cantor/L. Smith

attacked NSF over political science and social science funding

  • L. Smith attacks Dept. of Energy over Climate

Change and Sustainability research

  • L. Smith amends CJS to target SBE

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SLIDE 6

AMERICA COMPETES

  • FIRST Act of 2014 -> America COMPETES

Reauthorization Act of 2015

  • NSF “Accountability”
  • Modest increases for computing research

and other “hard science” accounts

  • Specific cuts to SBE, GEO
  • Energy R&D Title similarly partisan

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“We are also disappointed to note that research at the National Science Foundation in the Social, Behavioral, and Economic (SBE) sciences, along with the Geosciences, would be curtailed under this authorization. As you are aware, research in several key areas of computing — including cyber security and human-computer interaction (HCI) — is significantly informed by work emanating from the SBE directorate.” http://link.cra.org/COMPETES-House-2015

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COMPROMISE BILL: S. 3084 - THE AMERICAN INNOVATION AND COMPETIVENESS ACT (AICA)

  • No funding authorizations (boo?)
  • NITRD Authorization (yay?)
  • Very watered down version of “national interest”

language

  • Requirement that NSF report researchers who have

intentionally misrepresented results

  • NRC study on research reproducibility
  • Authorized NSF to establish a CS Ed Research program

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ALSO A RETURN TO “SILLY-SOUNDING SCIENCE”

  • Lamar Smith OpEd in The Hill, Feb 24, 2017:
  • Praised mission of NSF, but worried our leadership in

science is under threat

  • “NSF must focus research funding on areas most likely to

strengthen the economy, national security and other national priorities. NSF has funded too many projects that are at best marginal or at worst frivolous and wasteful.”

  • “These low-risk, low-priority projects detract from

investments in groundbreaking research that crosses biology, physics, computer science and engineering.”

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SENATE CONTINUES TO BE A BULWARK FOR SCIENCE

  • Sen. Alexander (R-TN), Sen. Thune (R-SD), and Sen.

Gardner (R-CO) play key GOP roles in support of basic research investments

  • Sen. Alexander wants science in Infrastructure

Initiative

  • Though, Sen. Jeff Flake (R-AZ), remains focused on

silly-sounding science 37

CHAIR OF HOUSE COMMERCE, JUSTICE, SCIENCE APPROPRIATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE, REP . JOHN CULBERSON (R-TX)

  • Culberson remains strongly supportive of NASA and

NSF

  • “I’m the only one standing between you [NSF] and

directorate level funding”

  • Not convinced OSTP is all that valuable
  • “I’d be hard-pressed to identify any tangible,

specific accomplishments or achievements of the

  • ffice.”
  • Still believes President needs a Science Advisor

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  • Exodus of experienced GOP staffers
  • Things could get worse

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SO THE CHALLENGES ARE DAUNTING

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AND WE HAVE A MUCH MORE LIMITED TOOL BOX…

41 FORTUNATELY, WE’VE GOT A PRETTY GOOD STORY 42

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SLIDE 8 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY R&D AND U.S. INNOVATION
  • Advances in information technology are transforming all aspects of our lives:
commerce, education, employment, health care, manufacturing, government, national security, communications, entertainment, science, and engineering.
  • Advances in information technology also drive our economy – both directly (the
growth of the IT sector itself) and in productivity gains across the economy. Advances in computing are enabling innovation in all fields.
  • The history of innovation in computing is impressive, but the future
  • pportunities are even more compelling: the future of networking, revolutionizing
transportation, personalized education, powering the smart grid, empowering the developing world, improving health care, enabling advanced manufacturing, driving advances in all fields of science and engineering. Itʼs impossible to imagine a field with greater opportunity to change the world.
  • The IT R&D ecosystem is crucial to continued innovation in IT, and federal
support is at the heart of that ecosystem. Essentially every aspect of IT upon which we rely today bears the stamp of federal support. “In order to sustain and improve our quality of life, it is crucial that the United States continue to innovate more rapidly and more creatively than
  • ther countries in important areas of IT. Only by continuing to invest in core

IT science and technology will we continue to reap such enormous societal benefits in the decades to come.” – Presidentʼs Council of Advisors for Science and Technology (in Designing a Digital Future, December 2010)

Computing Research Association - 1128 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20036 p:202.234.2111 http://cra.org

TALKING POINTS

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Advances in IT are transforming all aspects of our lives

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Conduct commerce...

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  • ...how we learn...

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...our employment...

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...our health care...

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SLIDE 9

...how we manufacture...

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...how government functions...

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...how we preserve our national security...

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...how we communicate...

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...and how we’re entertained.

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Advances in IT also drive our economy

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  • Computing drives our economy, not just through

the growth of the IT industry, but also through productivity gains across the entire economy

  • Remarkable economic growth between ’95 and ’02

was spurred by productivity growth enabled almost completely by factors related to IT1

  • IT enables productivity growth, enables the

economy to run at full capacity, enables goods to be allocated more efficiently and the production of higher quality goods and services2

  • 1. Jorgenson, Dale W., Mus S. Ho, and Kevin J. Stiroh. Productivity, Volume 3: Information Technology and the

American Growth Resurgence. MIT Press. 2005.

  • 2. Atkinson, Robert D., Andrew S. McKay. Digital Prosperity: Understanding the Economic Benefits of the

Information Technology Revolution. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. 2007.

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Advances in computing are enabling innovation in all other fields...

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In Science and Engineering... Computer modeling, visualization and data analysis have joined observation, theory, and experiment as the drivers of scientific discovery.

Created by Matthew Hall of NCSA's Advanced Visualization Laboratory

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The history is impressive, but the future is even more compelling

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  • The future of networking
  • Revolutionizing transportation
  • Delivering personalized education
  • Enabling the smart grid
  • Empowering the developing world
  • Improving health care
  • Driving advances in *all* fields of

S&E

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It’s impossible to imagine a field with greater

  • pportunity to change the world

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SLIDE 11

The IT R&D ecosystem is crucial to innovation in IT, and federal support is at the heart of that ecosystem

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“ [An] extraordinarily productive interplay of federally funded university research, federally and privately funded industrial research, and entrepreneurial companies founded and staffed by people who moved back and forth between universities and industry.”

  • NRC on the federal IT R&D Program

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ESSENTIALLY EVERY ASPECT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON WHICH WE RELY TODAY BEARS THE STAMP OF FEDERAL SUPPORT.

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Engineering 11% Mathematics 7% Natural Sciences 6% Computing 76% Engineering 27% Mathematics 4% Natural Sciences 11% Computing 58% Source: US BLS Employment Projections (www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_102.htm)

U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS JOB PROJECTIONS: 2014-2024 STEM JOB PROJECTIONS BY STEM %

% of Newly Created Jobs % of Total Jobs

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WE’RE OPPORTUNISTIC…

  • Congressional testimony

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House Committee on Science, Space and Technology

Subcommittee on Research and Science Education Hearing on the NITRD Program February 14, 2013 67

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House Committee on Science, Space and Technology

Subcommittee on Research and Science Education Hearing on the NITRD Program October 28, 2015 68

WE’RE OPPORTUNISTIC…

  • Congressional testimony
  • We host our own events and partner with
  • thers

69

Deconstructing

Precision Agriculture Think Moon landing. Think Internet. Think iPhone and Google. This is bigger. This is about feeding the world. Come hear from U.S. farmers, leading agriculture technology companies, and scientists on how they work together to solve this global challenge.

Save the Date

3/4/2015

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In partnership with The Task Force on American Innovation Soil Science Society of America American Society of Agronomy Crop Science Society of America American Physical Society Computing Research Association Texas A&M Coalition for the Advancement of Precision Agriculture (CAPA) Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM) WinField Solutions, LLC Trimble

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WE’RE OPPORTUNISTIC…

  • Congressional testimony
  • We host our own events and partner with
  • thers
  • We’ve developed a good “brand”
  • We strive to engage the community in

policymaking — LiSPI

71

LiSPI 2017

CRA/CCC Leadership in Science Policy Institute November 6-7 Washington, DC

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SLIDE 13

CRA CONGRESSIONAL FALL FLY-IN SEPTEMBER 2017

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WE’RE OPPORTUNISTIC…

  • Part of a broader science advocacy

community that’s looking for good stories to tell

  • Join coalitions around our interests
  • CNSF, CNSR, TFAI, ESC, Code.org
  • We leverage our interactions with the press

74

We leverage social media (or try to…)

http://cra.org/blog On Facebook @CRATweets

75 AND WE’VE HAD SOME SUCCESS… 76 “This is our generation’s Sputnik

  • moment. Two years ago, I said that we

needed to reach a level of research and development we haven’t seen since the height of the Space Race. In a few weeks, I will be sending a budget to Congress that helps us meet that goal. We’ll invest in biomedical research, information technology, and especially clean energy technology – an investment that will strengthen our security, protect our planet, and create countless new jobs for our people.” 77 If we want America to stay on the cutting edge, we need young Americans to master the tools and technology that will change the way we do just about everything.

  • President Obama in a video on behalf of the Hour of Code

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“A key priority of my Administration is to better equip America's young people with the relevant knowledge and skills that will enable them to secure high-paying, stable jobs throughout their careers. With the growing role of technology in driving the American economy, many jobs increasingly require skills in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) -- including, in particular, Computer Science. These skills open the door to jobs, strengthening the backbone of American ingenuity, driving solutions to complex problems across industries, and improving lives around the world. As part of my Administration's commitment to supporting American workers and increasing economic growth and prosperity, it is critical that we educate and train our future workforce to compete and excel in lucrative and important STEM fields.” — President Donald Trump, 9/25/17

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80 81 CS UNDER CONGRESSIONAL SCRUTINY 82

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TRUTHY — WHAT HAPPENED?

  • Studied the political domain in the run-up to the 2010

election

  • Looked at a range of hashtags and memes across the

political spectrum

  • Noted that the GOP appeared to use astroturfing
  • Published work in 2012 describing their findings,

Twitter shuts down ‘bot accounts

  • Since then, they’ve studied OWS, societal unrest in

Turkey, polarization of online political discourse, stock market movements, and geo trends of trending topics 84

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Washington Free Beacon August 25, 2014

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Opinions

The government wants to study ‘social pollution’ on Twitter

B y A j i t P a i O c t

  • b

e r 1 7 , 2 1 4 Ajit Pai is a member of the Federal Communications Commission. If you take to Twitter to express your views on a hot-button issue, does the government have an interest in deciding whether you are spreading “misinformation’’? If you tweet your support for a candidate in the November elections, should taxpayer money be used to monitor your speech and evaluate your “partisanship’’? My guess is that most Americans would answer those questions with a resounding no. But the federal government seems to disagree. The National Science Foundation , a federal agency whose mission is to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity and welfare; and to secure the national defense,” is funding a project to collect and analyze your Twitter data. The project is being developed by researchers at Indiana University, and its purported aim is to detect what they deem “social pollution” and to study what they call “social epidemics,” including how memes — ideas that spread throughout pop culture —

  • propagate. What types of social pollution are they targeting? “Political smears,” so-

called “astroturfing” and other forms of “misinformation.” Named “Truthy,” after a term coined by TV host Stephen Colbert, the project claims to use a “sophisticated combination of text and data mining, social network analysis, and complex network models” to distinguish between memes that arise in an “organic manner” and those that are manipulated into being.

Ajit Pai OpEd Washington Post Oct 17, 2014

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Opinions

The government wants to study ‘social pollution’ on Twitter

B y A j i t P a i O c t

  • b

e r 1 7 , 2 1 4 Ajit Pai is a member of the Federal Communications Commission. If you take to Twitter to express your views on a hot-button issue, does the government have an interest in deciding whether you are spreading “misinformation’’? If you tweet your support for a candidate in the November elections, should taxpayer money be used to monitor your speech and evaluate your “partisanship’’? My guess is that most Americans would answer those questions with a resounding no. But the federal government seems to disagree. The National Science Foundation , a federal agency whose mission is to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity and welfare; and to secure the national defense,” is funding a project to collect and analyze your Twitter data. The project is being developed by researchers at Indiana University, and its purported aim is to detect what they deem “social pollution” and to study what they call “social epidemics,” including how memes — ideas that spread throughout pop culture —

  • propagate. What types of social pollution are they targeting? “Political smears,” so-

called “astroturfing” and other forms of “misinformation.” Named “Truthy,” after a term coined by TV host Stephen Colbert, the project claims to use a “sophisticated combination of text and data mining, social network analysis, and complex network models” to distinguish between memes that arise in an “organic manner” and those that are manipulated into being.

Ajit Pai OpEd Washington Post Oct 17, 2014

“The concept seems to have come straight out of a George Orwell novel.”

“Truthy’s entire premise is false. In the United States, the government has no business entering the marketplace of ideas to establish an arbiter of what is false, misleading or a political smear. Nor should the government be involved in any effort to squint for and squelch what is deemed to be ‘subversive propaganda.’ Instead, the merits of a viewpoint should be determined by the public through robust debate. I had thought we had learned these lessons long ago.”

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“While the Science Committee has recently looked into a number of other questionable NSF grants, this one appears to be worse than a simple misuse of public funds. The NSF is out of touch and out of control. The Science Committee is investigating how this grant came to be awarded taxpayer dollars. The NSF must be held accountable for its funding decisions.”

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“Government funding of this project is not only a waste during a time of budgetary constraints, it is also a danger to free society better suited for a George Orwell book than a country founded on the idea of liberty.”

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COMPUTING COMMUNITY WEIGHS IN….

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COMPUTING COMMUNITY WEIGHS IN…. “We do not believe this work represents a threat to free speech or a suppression of any type of speech over the

  • internet. The tools developed in the course of this research

are capable of making no political judgements, no prognostications, and no editorial comments, nor do they provide any capability for exerting any control over the Twitter stream they analyze. The work is not a database tracking hate speech, or even defining it. It simply visualizes the patterns of flow of publicly available information in the Twitter stream.

94

COMPUTING COMMUNITY WEIGHS IN…. “We ask that as you exercise your oversight responsibilities

  • ver the National Science Foundation, which funded much
  • f this research, you call on subject-matter experts to help

guide your investigation and not let media mischaracterizations of the work color your effort.”

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REACTION

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SLIDE 17

REACTION

While some have argued that Truthy could be used to better understand things like disaster communication or to assist law enforcement, instead it appears Truthy focused on examples of ‘false and misleading ideas, hate speech, and subversive propaganda’ communicated by conservative groups.

Letter to NSF Director France Cordova -November 10, 2014

  • Rep. Lamar Smith (R-TX), Chairman

House Committee on Science, Space and Technology

97

NOT MUCH HAPPENED

  • No hearings or further requests for info
  • No requests for subject-matter expertise
  • Smith requested info on 13 additional grants (up to

~70 now), including 1 CISE funded grant on malware detection 98 99

THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN COMMUNICATING ABOUT RESEARCH

  • Congress has a legitimate oversight responsibility

and Members take seriously their stewardship of tax dollars spent on research.

  • Attention is heightened because the pressure to cut

discretionary spending is so high.

  • Members of Congress are acutely aware of zero-sum

nature of Federal appropriations.

  • There is a serious lack of subject-matter expertise
  • n some key committees.

100

THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN COMMUNICATING ABOUT RESEARCH

  • Smith and his staff believe, generally, in the value of

the Federal investment in research, though some areas, while interesting, don’t represent a compelling National interest.

  • Some topics raise red flags: non-US topics, games or

popular culture, social media, politics, climate change… 101

SO WHAT DO YOU DO IF YOU HAVE RESEARCH IN THOSE AREAS?

  • Don’t be cute. Try not to trivialize your work.

Emphasize the problem you’re investigating and the new knowledge to be gained.

  • Explain why the topic area you’re exploring is the most

appropriate one for the problem you’re trying to solve.

  • Remember, you’re not spending Federal money —

you’re spending taxpayer money. You need to be able to explain your work to your neighbors as if you just took 30 percent of their paychecks to pay for it. 102

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SLIDE 18

THANKS!

Peter Harsha harsha@cra.org cra.org/blog @CRATweets 103