[PPT] - The development of an inclusive/exclusive split The development of PowerPoint Presentation

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Morphology of the World’s Languages Morphology of the World’s Languages University of Leipzig, 11-13 June 2009 University of Leipzig, 11-13 June 2009

The development of an inclusive/exclusive split The development of an inclusive/exclusive split and its reflex in the verbal system: and its reflex in the verbal system: Evidence from Uchumataqu Evidence from Uchumataqu

Katja Hannß University of Konstanz

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Outline

1) Introduction to the Uchumataqu language 2) Grammaticalisation parameters and contact-induced grammaticalisation 3) The development of an inclusive/exclusive opposition in Uchumataqu 4) Incomplete grammaticalisation 5) Conclusions

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Uchumataqu Aymara

(http://www.compassion.com/countrymaps/BO_map.jpg)

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a.

extension: new grammatical meanings when extended to new

contexts

Parameters of grammaticalisation

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a.

extension: new grammatical meanings when extended to new

contexts b.

desemanticisation (or “semantic bleaching”): loss or

generalisation of meaning

Parameters of grammaticalisation

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a.

extension: new grammatical meanings when extended to new

contexts b.

desemanticisation (or “semantic bleaching”): loss or

generalisation of meaning c.

decategorialisation: loss of morphosyntactic properties

Parameters of grammaticalisation

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a.

extension: new grammatical meanings when extended to new

contexts b.

desemanticisation (or “semantic bleaching”): loss or

generalisation of meaning c.

decategorialisation: loss of morphosyntactic properties

d.

erosion (or “phonetic reduction”): loss of phonetic substance

(Heine and Kuteva 2005: 80)

Parameters of grammaticalisation

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Contact-induced grammaticalisation

Model Language (M)

versus

Replica Language (R)

(Heine and Kuteva 2005)

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Contact-induced grammaticalisation

a. Speakers notice that in language M there is a grammatical category Mx.

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Contact-induced grammaticalisation

a. Speakers notice that in language M there is a grammatical category Mx. b. They create an equivalent category Rx in language R on the basis of the use patterns available in R.

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Contact-induced grammaticalisation

a. Speakers notice that in language M there is a grammatical category Mx. b. They create an equivalent category Rx in language R on the basis of the use patterns available in R. c. To this end, they draw on universal strategies of grammaticalisation, using construction Ry in order to develop Rx.

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Contact-induced grammaticalisation

a. Speakers notice that in language M there is a grammatical category Mx. b. They create an equivalent category Rx in language R on the basis of the use patterns available in R. c. To this end, they draw on universal strategies of grammaticalisation, using construction Ry in order to develop Rx. d. They grammaticalise Ry to Rx.

(Heine and Kuteva 2005: 81, markings KH)

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Contact-induced grammaticalisation

M = Aymara (L2) R = Uchumataqu (L1) Mx = incl/excl split Rx = incl/excl split in 1st pl in 1st pl Ry = pronouns of 1st sg wir and 1st pl uchumi Ry Rx

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

The pronominal system of Uchumataqu before 1930 wir ‘I’ uchumi ‘we’ am ‘you’ amchuka ‘you’ ni ‘he, she, it’ niwichi ‘they’

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

uchumi wir am amchuka ni niwichi

1 2 3

1 + 2 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 3 2 + 3 3 + 3

The pronominal system of Uchumataqu before 1930

(cf. Cysouw 2002: 47)

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

Changes around 1930 niwichi ni-wichi 3rd-PL ‘they’

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

Changes around 1930 niwichi ni-wichi 3rd-PL ‘they’ ninaka ni-naka (< Aymara) 3rd-PL ‘they’

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

Changes around 1930 niwichi wisnaka ni-wichi wir + -naka (< Aymara) 3rd-PL 1st-PL ‘they’ ‘we (excl)’ ninaka ni-naka (< Aymara) 3rd-PL ‘they’

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

Changes around 1930 niwichi wisnaka ni-wichi wir + -naka (< Aymara) 3rd-PL 1st-PL ‘they’ ‘we (excl)’ ninaka ni-naka (< Aymara) 3rd-PL ‘they’ uchumi + incl

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

The Uchumataqu pronominal system after 1930 wir ‘I’ uchumi ‘we (incl)’ wisnaka ‘we (excl)’ am ‘you’ amchuka ‘you’ ni ‘he, she, it’ ninaka ‘they’

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The Uchumataqu pronominal system

uchumi wir am amchuka ni niwichi

1 2 3

1 + 2 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 3 2 + 3 3 + 3

(cf. Cysouw 2002: 47)

uchumi wir am amchuka ni ninaka

before 1930 after 1930

wisnaka

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The Uchumataqu verbal system

The Uchumataqu verbal system before 1930

Person Present tense Future tense 1st sg

u
a

2nd sg Ø

aki

3rd sg Ø

aki

1st pl Ø

aki

2nd pl Ø

aki

3rd pl Ø

aki

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The Uchumataqu verbal system

Person Present tense Future tense 1st sg

u
a

2nd sg Ø

aki

3rd sg Ø

aki

1st pl Ø

aki

2nd pl Ø

aki

3rd pl Ø

aki

Person Present tense Future tense 1st sg

u
a

2nd sg Ø

aki

3rd sg Ø

aki

1st pl incl Ø

aki

1st pl excl

achu
aki

2nd pl Ø

aki

3rd pl Ø

aki

before 1930 after 1930

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The Uchumataqu verbal system

1 2 3 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 3 2 + 3 3 + 3

before 1930 after 1930

u / -a

Ø Ø Ø

u / -a

1 2 3

achu

1 + 3 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 3 2 + 3 3 + 3

Ø Ø Ø

(cf. Cysouw 2009: 47)

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The grammaticalisation of -achu

uchumi

achu

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The grammaticalisation of -achu

uchumi u-chu-mi 1-PL-ADD

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The grammaticalisation of -achu

uchumi u-chu-mi 1-PL-ADD

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The grammaticalisation of -achu

uchumi u-chu-mi 1-PL-ADD *u-chu 1-PL.EXCL

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The grammaticalisation of -achu

uchumi u-chu-mi 1-PL-ADD *u-chu 1-PL.EXCL

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The grammaticalisation of -achu

uchumi u-chu-mi 1-PL-ADD *u-chu 1-PL.EXCL *-chu

1PL.EXCL

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The grammaticalisation of -achu

uchumi u-chu-mi 1-PL-ADD *u-chu 1-PL.EXCL *-chu

1PL.EXCL

a-chu

EP-1PL.EXCL

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The inclusive/exclusive split after 1930

basis resulting form meaning wir + -naka > wisnaka 1st pl excl (pronoun) uchumi > -achu 1st pl excl (verbal marker) uchumi > uchumi 1st pl incl (?) (pronoun)

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The inclusive/exclusive split after 1930

basis resulting form meaning wir + -naka > wisnaka 1st pl excl (pronoun) uchumi > -achu 1st pl excl (verbal marker) uchumi > uchumi 1st pl incl (?) (pronoun) gap filling structural isomorphism

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Examples

(1) chi-un toxsa xoxa kon[a]-t-kala=chay

ne-RED stranger thunder kill-RES-CERT=DEC

‘The thunder could kill only a stranger.’ ana wisnak[a] chichul-mi s-kon[a]-t

NEG

we (excl) someone-ADD

SU-kill-RES

xoxa ask-ta=chay thunder long-LOC=DEC ‘In a long time, thunder has not killed any of us.’

(Vellard 1949:166)

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Examples

(2) ana sis-achu=chay kwas-na lax=ki

NEG

know-1PL.EXCL=DEC water-LOC swim=TOP ‘We do not know how to swim in the water.’

(Vellard 1967: 4)

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Examples

(2) ana sis-achu=chay kwas-na lax=ki

NEG

know-1PL.EXCL=DEC water-LOC swim=TOP ‘We do not know how to swim in the water.’

(Vellard 1967: 4)

(3) uchumi tako=chay ni=ki we (incl) language=DEC that=TOP ‘That is our language.’

(Métraux 1935: 99)

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The inclusive and exclusive combined

(4) uchumi awaris-taki lux-achu-chay we (incl) soul-BEN eat-1PL.EXCL-DEC ‘We eat for the soul.’

(Vellard 1949: 167)

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The inclusive and exclusive combined

(4) uchumi awaris-taki lux-achu=chay we (incl) soul-BEN eat-1PL.EXCL=DEC ‘We eat for the soul.’

(Vellard 1949: 167)

(5) ana [u]chumi sis-achu=l=chay NEG we (incl) know-1PL.EXCL=CL.1=DEC ‘We do not know.’

(Vellard 1951: 34)

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Incomplete grammaticalisation

a. are used less frequently. b. appear in a smaller range of contexts. c. are less clearly associated with the grammatical meaning. d. are determined by discourse-pragmatic than by morphosyntactic parameters. e. are optional rather than obligatory [...].

(cf. Heine and Kuteva 2005: 119; markings KH)

Replica categories ...

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Incomplete grammaticalisation

f the inclusive/exclusive split

(6) pikiltani kes-kesu [u]chumi litrat asi=ki the two close-RED we portait now=TOP uchumi skat[a]-aki=chay we send-FUT=DEC “[You made] a portrait of the two of us (C.K. and his wife); now, [you will] send it to us.”

(Vellard 1949: 168)

is due to the form uchumi, which is less clearly associated with the grammatical meaning
f an inclusive marker and is only infrequently used as such;
its use is more likely to be determined by discourse-pragmatic than by morphosyntactic

parameters.

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Incomplete grammaticalisation

f the inclusive/exclusive split

(6) pikiltani kes-kesu [u]chumi litrat asi=ki the two close-RED we portait now=TOP uchumi skat[a]-aki=chay we send-FUT=DEC “[You made] a portrait of the two of us (C.K. and his wife); now, [you will] send it to us.”

(Vellard 1949: 168)

is optional rather than obligatory;
as such, it is used inconsistently.

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Incomplete grammaticalisation

f the inclusive/exclusive split
The reason why the inclusive/exclusive split in Uchumataqu is only

incompletely grammaticalised is that uchumi ‘we’ has not clearly been assigned the value of an inclusive marker.

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Incomplete grammaticalisation

f the inclusive/exclusive split
The reason why the inclusive/exclusive split in Uchumataqu is only

incompletely grammaticalised is that uchumi ‘we’ has not clearly been assigned the value of an inclusive marker.

Instead, it seems to have maintained the ‘neutral’ value it had before the

inclusive/exclusive category was introduced in Uchumataqu.

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Incomplete grammaticalisation

f the inclusive/exclusive split
The reason why the inclusive/exclusive split in Uchumataqu is only

incompletely grammaticalised is that uchumi ‘we’ has not clearly been assigned the value of an inclusive marker.

Instead, it seems to have maintained the ‘neutral’ value it had before the

inclusive/exclusive category was introduced in Uchumataqu. uchumi wisnaka

achu

exclusive inclusive neutral

X

X

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Conclusions

Replication from L2 to L1 (in the last stage of L1).

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Conclusions

Replication from L2 to L1 (in the last stage of L1).
Gap filling strategy in R (= Uchumataqu, L1) in order to achieve structural

isomorphism with M (= Aymara, L2).

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Conclusions

Replication from L2 to L1 (in the last stage of L1).
Gap filling strategy in R (= Uchumataqu, L1) in order to achieve structural

isomorphism with M (= Aymara, L2).

Within the grammaticalisation of an inclusive/exclusive split there are two

apparently completed grammaticalisation processes: wir + -naka > wisnaka [+ exclusive] uchumi > -achu [+ exclusive]

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Conclusions

Replication from L2 to L1 (in the last stage of L1).
Gap filling strategy in R (= Uchumataqu, L1) in order to achieve structural

isomorphism with M (= Aymara, L2).

Within the grammaticalisation of an inclusive/exclusive split there are two

apparently completed grammaticalisation processes: wir + -naka > wisnaka [+ exclusive] uchumi > -achu [+ exclusive]

and one incomplete grammaticalisation process:

uchumi [- inclusive]

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Conclusions

Replication from L2 to L1 (in the last stage of L1).
Gap filling strategy in R (= Uchumataqu, L1) in order to achieve structural

isomorphism with M (= Aymara, L2).

Within the grammaticalisation of an inclusive/exclusive split there are two

apparently completed grammaticalisation processes: wir + -naka > wisnaka [+ exclusive] uchumi > -achu [+ exclusive]

and one incomplete grammaticalisation process:

uchumi [- inclusive]

The latter is responsible for the incomplete grammaticalisation of an

inclusive/exclusive split in Uchumataqu.