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MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019 The Civic and Political Inclusion of Migrants and their Descendants in Europe: What we Know, What we Dont Know and Why it Matters Laura Morales 31/01/19 1 MIGRATION

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31/01/19 1 MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

The Civic and Political Inclusion of Migrants and their Descendants in Europe: What we Know, What we Don’t Know and Why it Matters

Laura Morales

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STUDYING THE CIVIC AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF MIGRANTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL INCLUSION

Political Inclusion

  • A complex and multifaceted concept.
  • It includes more than just voting rights and electoral participation.
  • It encompasses several forms of
  • 1. Participatory engagement, and
  • 2. Attitudes and orientations to the main political objects

The Multiple indicators of Political Inclusion

  • Interest in politics
  • Electoral participation and electoral availability (inclination to vote)
  • Confidence in political institutions
  • Non-electoral political participation
  • Engagement in associations
  • Levels of representation in elected office

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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WHAT WE KNOW: CUMULATIVE FINDINGS FROM EXISTING RESEARCH

Individual characteristics of the migrants matter

  • Age, gender, marital/partnership situation, education and occupation tend to be

relevant for all dimensions of political inclusion.

  • Migration trajectory factors tend to be critical: language proficiency, length of

residence, citizenship acquisition, migrant generation.

  • The evidence is inconclusive in relation to religious background: unclear if

Muslim migrants actually show any inclusion gaps.

The context of settlement and the policies for integration matter

  • Institutions, policies and regulations are of critical importance.
  • Particularly, policies and legislation around citizenship acquisition are very

consequential for both first and second generations.

  • The overall rates of participation of native populations shape strongly migrants’

political inclusion.

  • Both the national and the local contexts are critical.

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: ASSOCIATIONAL ENGAGEMENT

Figure 1. Engagement in organizations by migrants across European cities

20 40 60 80 100 involved in organizations (%) ANT BRU LIE LYO PAR BER STU BUD MIL NAP FAR LIS SET BAR MAD

Source: ICS, 2011-2012 ANT=Antwerp BRU=Brussels LIE=Liège LYO= Lyon PAR=Paris BER=Berlin STU=Stuttgart BUD=Budapest MIL=Milan NAP=Naples FAR=Faro LIS=Lisbon SET=Setubal BAR=Barcelona MAD=Madrid

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: ASSOCIATIONAL ENGAGEMENT BY CITY AND ORIGIN

Figure 2. Engagement in organizations by migrants from specific ethnic groups across European cities groups

20 40 60 80 involved in organizations (%)

BAR BUD GEN LON LYO MAD MIL STO ZUR Moroccans Ecuadorians Andean Latin America Ethnic Hungarians Chinese Mixed Muslims Italian Kosovars Bangladeshi Indian Caribbean Moroccans Algerians Tunisians Moroccans Ecuadorians Andean Latin American Egyptians Filipinos Ecuadorians Turks Chilean Italians Kosovars Turks Source: localmultidem, 2007-2010 BAR=Barcelona BUD=Budapest GEN=Geneva LON=London LYO=Lyon MAD=Madrid MIL=Milan STO=Stockholm ZUR=Zurich MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: ASSOCIATIONAL ENGAGEMENT, LEVELS VS GAPS

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: NON-ELECTORAL POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT BY CITY AND ORIGIN

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: ELECTORAL TURNOUT

Figure 4. Percentage of migrants who voted in the last national or local elections across European cities

20 40 60 80 100 voted in local or national elections (%) ANT BRU LIE LYO PAR BER STU BUD MIL NAP FAR LIS SET BAR MAD

Source: ICS, 2011-2012 ANT=Antwerp BRU=Brussels LIE=Liège LYO= Lyon PAR=Paris BER=Berlin STU=Stuttgart BUD=Budapest MIL=Milan NAP=Naples FAR=Faro LIS=Lisbon SET=Setubal BAR=Barcelona MAD=Madrid

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: TURNOUT BY CITY AND ORIGIN

Figure 5. Percentage of migrants from specific groups who voted in the last national or local elections (including eligible voters only)

20 40 60 80 voted either in last local or national elections (%)

BAR BUD GEN LON LYO MAD MIL STO ZUR Moroccans Ecuadorians Andean Latin America Ethnic Hungarians Chinese Mixed Muslims Italian Kosovars Bangladeshi Indian Caribbean Moroccans Algerians Tunisians Moroccans Ecuadorians Andean Latin American Egyptians Filipinos Ecuadorians Turks Chilean Italians Kosovars Turks Source: localmultidem, 2007-2010 BAR=Barcelona BUD=Budapest GEN=Geneva LON=London LYO=Lyon MAD=Madrid MIL=Milan STO=Stockholm ZUR=Zurich MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: TURNOUT BY CITY, CITIZENSHIP AND GENERATION

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

Predicted probabilities of voting in local elections, by city and group

.57 .34 .38 .17 .19 .86 .78 .74 .66 .61 .64 .56 .56 .4 .89 .93 .9 .84

GEN OSL LON STO .25 .5 .75 1 Aut 1stC 2ndC 1stF 2ndF Aut 1stC 2ndC 1stF 2ndF Aut 1stC 2ndC 1stF Aut 1stC 2ndC 1stF

Predicted probability with 95 % Confidence Intervals

SOURCE: Localmultidem 2007-2010. Legend: Aut = autochthonous; 1stC= 1

st generation citizen; 2ndC= 2 nd generation citizen; 1stF= 1 st

generation foreigner; 2ndF= 2

nd generation foreigner. GEN=Geneva, OSL=Oslo, LON=London,

STO=Stockholm.

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WHAT WE DON’T KNOW (just a few of the things we don’t know!)

Through which mechanisms do 2nd generations become included in the political process?

  • Role of political socialization in the family setting as opposed to peer groups and

educational setting?

  • Moderating (interacting) effect of citizenship regime and context?
  • Very often, 2nd generations not too different to their parents’ or even less included in

the political process: why? Only age effects?

How does individual engagement translate into collective level representation in elected office?

  • Unclear if there is a direct link or not
  • Representation in elected office is much less studied than individual-level behaviours

and attitudes

  • Comparative studies are fairly limited
  • Are certain institutional settings (e.g. electoral systems) more conducive to inclusion?
  • Or are political parties the main driving factor?

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: ASSOCIATIONAL ENGAGEMENT BY CITY, ORIGIN & GENERATIONS

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: NON-ELECTORAL POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT BY CITY, ORIGIN AND GENERATION

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: TURNOUT BY CITY, ORIGIN & GENERATION

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION OF CITIZENS OF IMMIGRANT ORIGIN IN NATIONAL LEGISLATURES OF 8 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

NL UK BE FR DE EL ES IT 2 4 6 8 10 12 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS: THE SUBNATIONAL LEVEL IS NOT NECESSARILY MORE INCLUSIVE /ACCESSIBLE

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

Regional IO MPs compared to national IO MPs

BE DE EL ES FR IT NL UK Regional IO MPs 16.3 (56/344) 2.8 (56/2031) 1.7 (9/545) 0.4 (3/695) 5.3 (18/341) 0.4 (2/483) 5.1 (18/356) 5.9 (20/339) National IO MPs 8.8 (16/182) 4.0 (26/652) 3.8 (12/320) 0.7 (3/440) 4.4 (28/639) 1.5 (10/671) 11.0 (19/172) 9.7 (64/658)

Note: Percentages with total numbers between parentheses. National IO MP refers to the national electoral term overlapping most with the coded regional electoral term, which is for Belgium 2010, for Germany 2009, for Greece 2009, for Spain 2011, for France 2007, for Italy 2008, for the Netherlands 2010 and the UK 2005.

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IN SUMMARY

Political inclusion does not operate equally for all of its dimensions

  • Migrants are generally well integrated in terms of attitudes and orientations
  • Migrants are less well included in terms of participatory behaviour

The local and national context have substantial impacts

  • The same migrant groups behave very differently across contexts
  • Within the same setting (e.g. city/country) there is limited variation across

migrant groups – when compared to across settings

  • The local setting defines how migrants’ associations organise and how they

connect to each other and to mainstream associations

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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WHY DOES IT MATTER?

Policy implications for national, regional and local governments

  • Design policies with migrant communities, in partnership. Policies designed “for”

them but “without” them are unlikely to work, as imposed policies rarely foster inclusion

  • Policies that support the civic and political participation of all residents, will also

trickle to migrant communities (unless explicitly excluded)

  • Consider extra resources for typically excluded groups (migrants and others) in

an all-encompassing policy to foster inclusion

  • Improve free language classes provision
  • Facilitate the acquisition of citizenship (naturalization)
  • Foster policy conversations about extending voting rights at the local and regional

level to foreigners, as well as about improving access to nationality

  • Contribute to effective communication of existing research to debunk myths that

some migrant groups do not ‘want’ to integrate

  • Support migrants’ self-organizing with leadership and seed resource programmes

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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WHY DOES IT MATTER?

More research needed

  • We need more and better data about the civic and political inclusion of migrants

and their descendants, especially comparative data

  • We need to explore more the links between civic and political inclusion and the

remaining socio-economic dimensions of integration/inclusion

  • We should consider carefully the complex ways in which access to citizenship

matters, and not just for first generations

  • We need to understand better how certain policies and institutional settings foster
  • r hinder the civic and political inclusion of migrants and their descendants
  • We need to assess more systematically the various individual and collective

routes to inclusion and how they are inter-linked

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME PUBLICATIONS AND PROJECTS OF INTEREST

Publications

  • Laura Morales, Marco Giugni. ed. Social Capital, Political

Participation and Migration in Europe. Palgrave, 2011.

  • K. Pilati & L. Morales, 2016, ‘Ethnic and immigrant politics vs

mainstream politics: the role of ethnic organizations in shaping the political participation of immigrant-origin individuals in Europe’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol 39(15), 2796-2817

  • L. Morales & K. Pilati, 2014, ‘The political transnationalism of

Ecuadorians in Barcelona, Madrid and Milan: The role of individual resources, organizational engagement, and the mobilization context.’ Global Networks, vol. 14(1), 80-102.

  • A. González & L. Morales, 2013, ‘Do citizenship regimes shape

political incorporation? Evidence from four European cities’. Article accepted for publication, journal European Political Science (EPS), special issue (Symposium) on Immigrant Incorporation in Urban Politics, vol. 12, 455-466.

  • L. Morales & L. Ramiro, 2011, "Gaining Political Capital through

Social Capital. Inclusion in Policy Making and Network Embeddedness

  • f Immigrants’ Associations in Spain." Mobilization 16( 2).

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME PUBLICATIONS AND PROJECTS OF INTEREST

Projects

  • LOCALMULTIDEM, a 6th Framework Programme project focusing specifically on the civic

and political participation of migrants across a number of European cities: http://www.um.es/localmultidem/ and data available on open access on https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/localmultidem

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME PUBLICATIONS AND PROJECTS OF INTEREST

Projects

  • Immigrant Citizens Survey, led by MPG and funded by the EU Fund for the Integration of Third Country

Nationals and several foundations: http://www.immigrantsurvey.org/

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME PUBLICATIONS AND PROJECTS OF INTEREST

Projects

  • Pathways project on the political representation of citizens of immigrant origin in national and regional

legislative assemblies in 8 European countries: http://pathways.eu/

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019

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SOME PUBLICATIONS AND PROJECTS OF INTEREST

Projects

  • COST Action 16111 ETHMIGSURVEYDATA, creating a network on ethnic and immigrant minorities’ survey

data to analyse various dimensions of integration: http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/ca/CA16111

MIGRATION OBSERVATORY 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE TORINO, 1 FEBRUARY 2019